EL1 - Lecture 9 Types of Clauses

By Vzu Nguyen

Overview

• A clause is a unit formed around a …….. ……., including all optional and obligatory elements associated with the verb.

• ………….. structure: Subject (NP) + predicate (VP)

• Sentence elements: S, V, O, C, A (They selected him chairman yesterday)

lexical verb, Constituent

Types of clauses

1. In terms of clause ………

• SV, SVC, SVA, SVO, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA

2. In terms of …….. phrase

• finite; non-finite & verbless clauses

3. In terms of clause …………

• independent & dependent clauses

4. In terms of clause ………….

• nominal, adverbial & adjectival clauses

types, verb, connection, function

a verb, especially "be" or a verb like "seem" or "become," that links the subject to a complement | động từ liên kết | In “She is happy,” “is” acts as a ______.

Copula [n.] /ˈkɒp.jʊ.lə/

1. Types of clauses

in terms of clause ……….

SV	She smiles.
SVC	He is a genius.
SVA	They were out of cash. A = obligatory V = copula => Compulsory/ Obligatory A   SVA: He is at home. Optional A    SV(A): He died at home.
SVO	I lost my key.
SVOO	They gave him a black box.
SVOC	She found him crying.
………	He put the vase on the table.

types, SVOA 

C = ……………….. 

- word, phrase or clause necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression 

- Normally follow linking verbs: be, look, sound, smell, feel, taste, appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, remain 

- Brandon is a gifted athlete. John is weak. (Cs) 

- The vote made John's position untenable. We voted John chairman (Co) 

- Complement of Adjective (a noun clause or prepositional phrase): finish the adjective 

Eg:

You are amazing in gymnastics. 

Mary is very bright in applied physics. 

He is loving to his pets. 

I am curious what my surprise will be

Complement

• Time: at 7 am

• Place: in the city centre

• Manner. He behaved oddly

• Frequency: I occasionally visit a church

• Condition: If he comes, tell me.

• Concession: Although/despite.

• Reason: Because

• Result: thereby Ving

→ ……………

Adverbials

………………. of adverbials:

• adverb phrase: I have been there

• finite clause: When I came to the club, I saw Laura

• non-finite clause: 

To Infinitive: He plays to win 

Ed: Whenever left alone, he cried

• PP: We sat in a dark corner

• noun phrase: I saw her last week

• verbless clause: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger

realization

an optional part of a sentence that adds extra information about time, manner, place, or reason

In “She sang beautifully,” “beautifully” is an .

Adjunct [n.] /ˈædʒ.ʌŋkt/

an adverbial that expresses the speaker’s attitude or stance toward the content of the sentence | thành phần phụ bình luận | In “Honestly, I don't care,” “Honestly” is a ______.

Disjunct [n.] /ˈdɪs.dʒʌŋkt/

an adverbial that connects two clauses by showing a logical relationship like addition, contrast, or result | thành phần liên kết | In “She was tired; therefore, she left early,” “therefore” is a ______.

Conjunct [n.] /ˈkɒn.dʒʌŋkt/

A: Adverbials 

- Composes of three kinds: 

- …………….- (Integrated in clause structure - part of the main action):

give extra information of time, place, frequency, manner, condition, purpose, reason, result, concession.

Examples:

She sings beautifully. (how?)

We met at the park. (where?)

I will call you after lunch. (when?)

- ……………- (peripheral - Outside the main sentence meaning (like a comment or link)): provide a comment on the information.

These express the speaker's attitude, judgment, or viewpoint about the sentence.

(e.g. honestly, fortunately, actually, as a matter of fact, understandably, in my opinion) 

- …………….- (peripheral - linking functions):

linking words and phrases.

Examples:

• It was raining; therefore, we stayed inside.

• I was tired; however, I finished my homework.

• She studied hard; as a result, she passed the exam.

Adjuncts, Disjuncts, Conjuncts

2. Types of clauses in terms of Verb phrase

By verb phrase	……… clause
	…………… clause
	……….. clause

Finite, Non-finite, Verbless

Finite clause

- contains a subject and a …………..

- verb phrase having ……. , person & number ………, & mood

predicate, tense, concord

Nonfinite clause 

• Infinitive with …..

• Infinitive ……….. to

• -ed participle

• -ing participle

to, without

Nonfinite clause

infinitive with to

examples:

Case	Meaning	Example
1. ………….. subject (S)	The verb just exists, no subject inside the small clause.	The best thing would be to tell everybody. (Cs)
2. ………. subject (S)	The small clause has its own subject inside.	The best thing would be for you to tell everybody. ("you" = subject inside)

Without, With

Nonfinite clause 

• Infinitive ………. to

Case	Example
Without subject (S)	All I did was hit him on the head. (Cs)
With subject (S)	Rather than John (subject) do it, I'd prefer to give the job to Mary. (A) Charles helped us answer the question.

without

Nonfinite clause 

• -…. ……….

Sentence	With or Without Subject (S)?
Covered in snow, he looked like a snowman.	Without S
We left the room and went home, the job finished.	With S
Charlie likes ice cream dipped in chocolate.	Without S
Charlie, admired by his classmates, raised his hand.	Without S

ed participle

Nonfinite clause 

-ing participle

Sentence	With or Without Subject (S)?
Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.	……….. S
Her aunt having left the room, I declared my passionate love for her.	……….. S

Without, With

Verbless clause

• …………. of the verb ‘be’

Dozens of people died in the accident, many of them children. (Modifier of N - people)

Whether right or wrong, he always dominates the arguments. (A)

Mavis sat in the front seat, her hands in her lap. (A)

• ………….. of non-finite clauses

Too nervous to reply, he stared at the book in front of him. (A) (original: Because he was too nervous to reply...)

Ellipsis, Reduction

………………………- SVO

Here we have different kinds of objects that this verb type can have:

Type		Example
[B1]	Noun phrase as Object (O)	Tom caught the ball.
[B2]	Noun phrase	Paul lacks confidence.
[B3]	that-clause	I think that we have met.
[B4]	wh-clause	Can you guess what she said?
[B5]	wh-infinitive clause	I learned how to sail a boat.
[B6]	to-infinitive clause (-S)	We've decided to move house.
[B7]	-ing clause (-S)	She enjoys playing squash.
[B8]	to-infinitive clause (+S)	They want us to help.
[B9]	-ing clause (+S)	I hate the children quarrelling.

MONOTRANSITIVE

………………… (Type SVOO)

Code	Type of Object		Example
[D1]	Noun phrases as Oi (Indirect Object) & Od (Direct Object)		They offered her some food.
[D2]	With prepositional object		Please say something to us.
[D3]	O + that-clause		They told me that I was ill.
[D4]	O + wh-clause		He asked me what time it was.
[D5]	O + wh-infinitive clause		Mary showed us what to do.
[D6]	O + to-infinitive clause		I advised Mark to see a doctor.

DITRANSITIVE

……………… …………….. (Types SVOC and SVOA)

Code	Type		Example
[C1]	Adjectival C (Complement)	Object + adjective describing it.	That music drives me mad.
[C2]	Nominal C (Complement)	Object + noun renaming or identifying it.	They named the ship Zeus.
[C3]	O + adverbial (A)	Object + adverbial (e.g., place or time info).	I left the key at home.
[C4]	O + to-infinitive	Object + "to" + verb phrase.	They knew him to be a spy.
[C5]	O + bare infinitive	Object + verb without "to."	I saw her leave the room.
[C6]	O + -ing clause	Object + "-ing" verb clause.	I heard someone shouting.
[C7]	O + -ed clause	Object + past participle clause (passive meaning).	I got the watch repaired.

COMPLEX TRANSITIVE

a syntactic construction where the subject of a sentence is postponed or moved to the end, often for emphasis or clarity | chủ ngữ hoán chuyển |

In “It is important to study,” or “It was outragoous that they emailed those things here”,“to study” and “that they emailed those things here” are the ______.

Extraposed subject [n.] /ɪkˈstræp.oʊzd ˈsʌdʒɪkt/

…………………… subject

• Subject is sometimes postponed until the end of the sentence. Here are some examples:

• In first place is Red Rum

• Inside the house were two detectives

• More important is the question of compensation

• The Subject is also extraposed when the sentence is introduced by an anticipatory it:

• It is a good idea to book early

• It is not surprising that he failed his exams

abbreviation: eSu

Extraposed

Non-finite or verbless?

1. Knowing my temper, I didn't reply.

2. Although always helpful, he was not much liked. Susan telephoned before coming over.

3. Although exhausted by the climb, he continued his journey.

4. While at Oxford, she was active in the dramatic society

Non-finite or verbless?

1. Knowing my temper, I didn't reply. (non-finite, -ing participle)

2. Although always helpful, he was not much liked. Susan telephoned before coming over. (verbless, reduction of non-finite clause)

3. Although exhausted by the climb, he continued his journey. (verbless, reduction of non-finite clause)

4. While at Oxford, she was active in the dramatic society. (verbless clause)

3. Types of clauses in terms of clause connection

1. Independent clause

• A clause that can form a sentence ……... and stand alone

• Can be …………… by means of a coordinating conjunction.

Example:

She was tired, but she still went to work.

She loves him. + He doesn’t love her

→ She loves him, but he doesn't love her.

2. Dependent/…………….. clause

• A clause that is part of another clause, which may be introduced by a subordinating marker.

Eg:

She thinks (that) she will win.

If you try, you'll make it.

He earns as much as you do.

• A subordinate clause can function as S, O, Cs, Co, A, complement of NP or Adj

Function as	Subject (S)	What I need now is a wife.
	Object (O)	He realized that he would never see her again. (Od)
	Complement of Subject (Cs)	You are who I am looking for.
	Adverbial (A)	We missed the train because we were stuck in the traffic jam for half an hour. (A)
Function as	Complement of Noun Phrase (NP)	The house in which I was born has been sold. (Complement of NP -> S)
		He has bought the house in which I was born. (Complement of NP -> O)
		This is the house in which I was born. (Complement of NP -> Cs)
		I’ll die in the house in which I was born. (Complement of NP -> A)

itself, conjoined, Subordinate

4. Types of clauses in terms of clause function 

By function	…………… clause
	…………… clause
	……………. clause

Nominal, Adverbial, Adjectival

Nominal Clause functions

Function	Example	Explanation
Subject (S)	What she said was not true.	"What she said" is the subject of the sentence.
Object of Indirect Object (Oi)	She gave what I suggested a try.	"What I suggested" is the indirect object (Oi).
Object Direct (Od)	I think that you are right.	"That you are right" is the object of the verb think (Od).
Object of Preposition (Op)	I am not aware of what has happened to her.	"What has happened to her" is the object of the preposition of.
1. ……………. of Subject (Cs)	You are who I am looking for.	"Who I am looking for" complements the subject You.
Complement of Object (Co)	You can call me what you want.	"What you want" complements the object me (Co).
Adjective Phrase (2.…..)	I have the feeling that she is cheating on me.	"That she is cheating on me" is an adjective phrase that modifies 3………….. .

Complement, Ap, feeling

Adverbial Clause

An adverbial clause functions like an ………., modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb, usually providing more information about time, reason, condition, etc.

Example	Explanation
I love her because she is rich.	The clause "because she is rich" is explaining the reason why "I love her."
If you work hard, you will pass the exam.	The clause "If you work hard" is expressing a condition for passing the exam.

adverb

Adjectival/Relative Clause

An adjectival clause (also called a relative clause) modifies a ……….. It gives extra information about a person, thing, or idea that is mentioned earlier in the sentence.

Example	Explanation
The girl who has just left is my ex-girlfriend.	"Who has just left" describes or modifies the girl.
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.	"That I bought yesterday" describes or modifies the book.
The house where she was born had been sold.	"Where she was born" describes or modifies the house.

noun