Final Exam 3 for PYTHON

I am so done with this class bruh

Procedural programming:

writing programs made of functions that perform specific tasks; Procedures typically operate on data items that are separate from the procedures

Object-oriented programming:

focused on creating objects

Object

entity that contains data and procedures

Encapsulation

combining data and code into a single object

data hiding

object’s data attributes are hidden from code outside the object

data attributes

define the state of an object

public methods

allow external code to manipulate the object

private methods

used for object’s inner workings

class

code that specifies the data attributes and methods of a particular type of object

instance

an object created from a class

class definition

set of statements that define a class’s methods and data attributes

self parameter

required in every method in the class—references the specific object that the method is working on

initializer method

method automatically executed when an instance of the class is created; initialized objects data attributes and assigns self parameter to the object created

__

what is placed in front of the attributes name to make it private

object’s state

the values of the object’s attributes at a given moment

__str__ method

displays the object’s State; automatically called when the object is passed as an argument to the print function or passed as an argument to the str function

instance attribute

attributes belonging to a specific instance of a class

accessor methods

method that returns a value from a class’s attributes without changing it

mutator methods

method that stores or changes the value of a data attribute

Unified Modeling Language diagram

standard diagrams for graphically depicting object-oriented systems

top section

section of UML with name of the class

middle section

section of uml with the list of data attributes

bottom section

section of uml with the list of class methods

nouns

what you should look for in a description to figure out what the classes should be

dictionary

object that stores a collection of data

key

the immutable identity for the element in a dictionary

dictionary = {key1:value1}

format for creating a dictionary

false

true or false: dictionaries are sorted

dictionary[key]

general format for retrieving value from dictionary

true

true or false: a keyerror is returned if you call a dictionary with a nonexistent key

in

operator used to test whether a key is in a dictionary

true

true or false: dictionaries are mutable

dictionary[key]=value

format to add or change a key-pair value in a dictionary

del dictionary[key]

format to delete a key-value pair

len function

used to obtain number of elements in a dictionary

true

true or false: Values stored in a single dictionary can be of different types

dict()

built in function that creates an empty dictionary

clear method

deletes all the elements in a dictionary, leaving it empty

get method

gets a value associated with specified key from the dictionary

dictionary.get(key, default)

format for get method (returns default if key is not found)

items method

returns all the dictionaries keys and associated values; Each element in dictionary view is a tuple which contains a key and its associated value

keys method

returns all the dictionaries keys as a sequence

pop method

returns value associated with specified key and removes that key-value pair from the dictionary

dictionary.pop(key, default)

format for pop method; default is returned if key not found

popitem method

returns a randomly selected key-value pair as a tuple and removes that key-value pair from the dictionary

values method

returns all the dictionaries values as a sequence

set

object that stores a collection of data in same way as mathematical set

false

true or false: sets cannot have elements of different data types

set()

format of function used to create an empty set

‘a’,’b’,’c’

what a set contains if set(‘abc’) is passed

‘abc’

what a set contains if set([‘set’])

true

true or false: sets are mutable

add method

adds an element to a set

update method

adds a group of elements to a set

remove method

removes the specified item from the set WITH CAUSING A KEYERROR

discard method

removes the specified item from the set WITHOUT CAUSING A KEYERROR

clear method

clears all the elements of the set

union of two sets

a set that contains all the elements of both sets

set1.union(set2)

union method format

set1 l set2

operator for union method

intersection of two sets

a set that contains only the elements found in both sets

set1.intersection(set2)

format for intersection method

set1 & set2

operator for intersection method

difference of two sets

a set that contains the elements that appear in the first set but do not appear in the second set

set1.difference(set2)

difference method format

set1 - set2

difference method operator

Symmetric difference of two sets

a set that contains the elements that are not shared by the two sets

set1.symmetric_difference(set2)

symmetric_difference method format

set1 ^ set2

symmetric_difference method operator

subset

small set that is in a bigger set

superset

a large set that contains all the elements of a smaller set

setA.issubset(setB)

To determine whether set A is subset of set B

setA <= setB

To determine whether set A is subset of set B operator

setA.issuperset(setB)

To determine whether set A is superset of set B

setA >= setB

To determine whether set A is superset of set B operator

Serialize an object

convert the object to a stream of bytes that can easily be stored in a file (turning an object into computer words)

pickling

term meaning serializing an object

pickle

what you import to pickle and stuff

pickle.dump(object, file)

function to pickle objects to a file

unpickling

retrieving pickled object

pickle.load(file)

format to get pickled object from a file

{‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’,’e’,’f’}

set1= {‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’}

set2={‘c’,’d’,’e’,’f’}

set3=set1 | set2

{‘c’,’d’}

set1= {‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’}

set2={‘c’,’d’,’e’,’f’}

set3=set1 & set2

{‘a’,’b’}

set1= {‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’}

set2={‘c’,’d’,’e’,’f’}

set3=set1 - set2

{‘e’,’f’}

set1= {‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’}

set2={‘c’,’d’,’e’,’f’}

set3= set2- set1

{‘a’,b’,’e’,’f’}

set1= {‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’}

set2={‘c’,’d’,’e’,’f’}

set3=set1 ^ set2

sequence

an object that contains multiple items of data

list

an object that contains multiple data items and is mutible

list(object)

function converting objects to list

element

an item in a list

true

true or false lists can hold items of different types

list=[item1, item2, item3]

format for list assignment statement

repetition operator

makes multiple copies of a list and joins them together

index

a number specifying the position of an element in a list

0

index of first element in a list

-1

index of last element in a list

IndexError

raised if invalid index is used YOU CAN ONLY USE THE INDEX YOU HAVE

len function

returns the length of a sequence such as a list

eg: size = len(my_list)

mutable sequence

a sequence in which the items in the sequence can be changed

list[x] = new_value

format to assign a new value to a list element