CHEM121 - CH 6 VOCAB

temporary dipole

the separation of charge produced in an atom or molecule by a momentary uneven distribution of electrons; also called induced dipole

London dispersion force

an intermolecular force between atoms or molecules caused by the presence of temporary dipoles in the molecules

polarizability

the relative ease with which the electron cloud in a molecule, ion, or atom can be distorted, including a temporary dipole

hydrocarbon

an organic compound whose molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

alkane

a hydrocarbon in which each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon or hydrogen atoms

constitutional isomer

one of a set of compounds with the same molecular formula but different connections between the atoms in their molecules; also called structural isomer

dipole-dipole interaction

an attraction between regions of polar molecules that have partial charges of opposite sign

organic compound

a molecule containing carbon atoms whose structure typically consist of carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds and may include other atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or the halogens.

functional group

a group of atoms in an organic compound’s molecular structure that significantly imparts characteristic physical and chemical properties

carbonyl group

a functional group that consists of a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom

ketone

an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms

hydrogen bond

a strong dipole-dipole interaction which occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to a N, O, or F, and another N, O, or F atom

hydroxyl group

a functional group that consists of an oxygen atom with a single bond to a hydrogen atom

alcohol

an organic compound whose molecular structure includes a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom that is not bonded to any other functional group(s)

ether

an organic compound that contains an oxygen atom with single bonds to two carbon atoms

ion-dipole interaction

an attractive force between an ion and a molecule that has a permanent dipole

sphere of hydration

the cluster of water molecules surrounding an ion in an aqueous solution

solvent

the component of a solution for which the largest number of moles present

solute

any component in a solution other than the solvent

solubility

the maximum quantity of a substance that can dissolve in a given volume of solution

miscible

capable of being mixed in any proportion without reacting chemically

dipole-induced dipole interaction

an attraction between a polar molecule and the oppositely charged pole it temporarily induces in another molecule

hydrophobic

describes a repulsive interaction between a solute and water that decreases water solubility

pressure (P)

the ratio of a force to the surface area over which the force is applied

standard atmosphere (atm)

the average pressure at sea level on Earth

phase diagram

a graphical representation of the dependence of the stabilities of the physical states of a substance on temperature and pressure

triple point

the temperature and pressure at which all three phases of a substance coexist

critical point

a specific temperature and pressure at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance have the same density and are indistinguishable from each other

supercritical fluid

a substance in a state that is above the temperature and pressure at the critical point, at which the liquid and vapor phases are indistinguishable

green chemistry

laboratory practices that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances

surface tension

the ability of the surface of a liquid to resist an external force

meniscus

the concave or convex surface of a liquid