Elizabethan England

Privy Council, roles and powers

Advisors chosen by the monarchy, 19 members, all men who met daily. Have no real control, just advise

Parliament, role and powers

Controlled laws and taxation, and advised. Made of the house of Lords and the house of commons

JPs (justices of the peace)

Local landowners who controlled and policed in their local zones of influence

Early Challenges to E

Finances, legitimacy, her Gender, France, religion, Mary QOS

Parts and date of the religious settlement

1559, act of supremacy, act of uniformity, the royal injunctions

What did the act of Supremacy do?

Placed E at the head of the church

What did the act of uniformity do?

Defined how worship should take place, with reference to the nature of prayer and churches themselves

The royal injunctions, what did they do?

Issued by William Cecil, reinforced the acts

Puritan challenges

Crucifix controversy - didn't like them, but E backed down

Vestament controversy- didn't like. E did not back down. Matthew Parker enforced E in 1566

Catholic challenge

1566 papul instructions to not visit CofE services. Largely ignored by E to not create Martyrs

Cause, date and consequences of the Treaty of Edinburgh

1560, E helps a protestant rebellion in Scotland. Treaty ends rebellion and causes Mary QOS to lose her claim to the throne

Religious war in France date

1562, E supports protestant rebels. Peace is agreed. Leads to the Treaty of Troyes

Treaty of Troyes, dates and details

As a result of the 1564 religious war in France. E agrees that Calais is French through this treaty in 1564

Dutch Revolt, dates and details

Began 1566 as a revolt against Spanish control. Duke of Alba sent to stop it in 1567 with 10000 men. The revolt is put down in 1568

E's involvement in the Dutch revolt

1567 sheltered Dutch rebel ships, stole the genoese loan in 1568

The revolt of the Northern Earls, reasons and events

Reasons - wanted Catholicism, lost influence under E, E's unwillingness to marry, Mary QOS is Catholic

Events - Dudley informs E of the plan in September, E arrests Earl of Norfolk, Northumberland and Westmorland attack Durham but are quickly stopped

Consequences of the revolt of the Northern Earls

1570- E excommunicated by the pope

1571- treason then defined to include calling E a heretic

Non dated- harsher punishments for catholics

Ridolfi plot, dates and details

1571, created by Roberto Ridolfi as a plan to Kill E, and marry Mary QOS to Norfolk, via a Spanish invasion. Ridolfi went to communicate with Philip II and the Duke of Alba in March, while the plot was discovered by William Cecil. Norfolk is executed 1572

Throckmorton Plot, dates and details

1583, planned for the Duke of Guise to overthrow E and restore Catholicism, with Financial backing from Philip II, with Francis Throckmorton as a go between. Walsingham discovered the plot, leading to Throckmorton's execution in 1584

The Babington Plot, dates and details

1586, Anthony Babington, a young English noble, acted as a go between with Mary QOS, and the outsider world. Discovered by Walsingham. Led to Mary's execution

Francis Drake history

70-71 Drake launches an expedition to the West Indies, capturing Spanish ships on the way

72-73 E hires Drake to go to Panama. He returns in 73, having looted £40000

77-80 Drake circumnavigates the world, plundering £400000, and is knighted by E as a result

Ransacking of Antwerp, when and why?

1576, Spanish troops underpaid

Pacification of Ghent, what when and why?

February 1577, an agreement between the 17 Dutch provinces to work together to remove Spain fron the Netherlands. As a result of the ransacking of Antwerp

Spain gains Portugal's territory, when?

1580

Treaty of Nonsuch, when and with who?

1585, England and the Netherlands

Treaty of Joinville, who and when?

1584, France and Spain

Who was the protestant Dutch leader, and when were they assassinated?

William of Orange, 1584

When is E offered Sovereignty of the Netherlands, and who takes it in her stead?

1585, Robert Dudley in 1586

When and what was the singeing of the King's beard?

The destruction of Spanish ships by Drake on the 19th of April, 1587

Spanish Armada, when and why did it fail?

July-August 1588, slow communications, superior English ships, undersupplied, lack of strategy

Battle of Gravelines, when and what?

August 6, 1588, the English sent fireships at the Spanish, scattering them, before reengaging 2 days later

Who was William Cecil?

Secretary of State until 1573, and a key advisor

Who was King Francis II?

King of France from 1559, and husband to Mary QOS

Who was Matthew Parker?

The archbishop of Canterbury, who helped reinforce the religious settlement

Who was Lord Darnley?

Mary QOS's husband who was controversially murdered

Who was Robert Dudley

The Earl of Leicester, and E's suitor. Informed her of the revolt of the Northern Earls

Education for the nobility

Boys: sport- archery, horseriding, fencing

Subjects- Latin, Greek, history, philosophy

Girls: sports- horseriding, archery

subjects- music, dancing, needlework

Both taught in the homes of nobility

Middle class education

Boys: grammar schools, 42 founded in the 1560s, with a focus on Latin and practical skills like public speaking

Girls: largely stayed at home for housework + motherhood

Lower class education

Boys - largely uneducated, unless considered bright, or helped by a benefactor, in which case, could be taught in grammar schools

Leisure, Nobility

Men- Tennis and Fencing

Both Genders - Hunting, Hawking, fishing, music

Leisure, lower classes

Men - Football, but without rules, Bear baiting, cockfighting

Both - music

Reasons for poverty

Population growth, loss of common land and inflation

Poor relief laws, when and what?

Poor relief available before E's reign

1563, statute of Artificers, enforced poor relief

1572, vagabonds act, harsh punishments for the able bodied poor

1576, poor relief act, introduced vagabonds prison, and provided raw materials to the able bodied poor to allow them to make a living

What led to increased exploration?

Trade increase, culture surrounding adventure, new technology (astrolabes, quadrants, using the sun, pioneered by Thomas Harriot, improved ships and maps), and Drake

When were the attempts to colonise Virginia?

1585, 1587

Why did the 1585 attempt to colonise Virginia fail?

Supplies destroyed in the voyage, arrived too late to grow food, colonists had not expected to put in work, lack of survival experience, local resistance

Why did the 1587 attempt to colonise Roanoke Island fail?

Unknown. Disappeared by 1590

Key figures in the colonisation of Virginia

Richard Grenville - leader, a soldier and a sailor. Feared by the crew

Ralph Lane - soldier, governer of Virginia, and an experienced fort builder

Thomas Harriot - translator, cartographer and mathematician

Key figures in the colonisation of Roanoke

John White - artist and cartographer

Manteo - a native American brought to England by the 1584 fact finding mission