vet tech prep

which drug is a commonly used sedative for horses?

xylazine

5 grams is equal to how many miligrams?

5,000

a drug from which category will cause loss of motor function when administered during an epidural

local anesthetics

what can occur as an injection of cerenia is given sq?

burning/stinging

a fractious cat has been admitted to the facility. due to its disposition, you are unable to remove it from its carrier. what opioid normally given IV or IM can be given orally for sedation or analgesia?

buprenorphine

telazol is commonly used in veterinary anesthetic immobilizations. telazol is a combination of which two drugs?

teletamine and zolazepam

impulses are carried away from the neuronal cell body by which of the following structures

axon

t/f: decreased blood pressure is a potential indicator of intraoperative pain

false

the autonomic nervous system refers to what

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A 38-kg Great Dane is recovering from Gastric Dilatation Volvulus surgery. The doctor would like to send him home on Tramadol. The doctor requested that a prescription be filled out for 5 days at 3 mg/kg orally three times per day. How many pills should you send home?
Tramadol is available in 50 mg tablets. Round to the nearest whole number.

38 kg x 3 mg/kg = 114 mg
114 mg / 50 mg = 2.28 = 2
If getting 2 tablets per dose, then 6 tablets per day are needed. Five days' treatment = 30 tablets.

After completing a routine spay, the doctor asks you to administer 0.015 mg/kg of buprenorphine intravenously for post operative pain. How many milliliters will you administer if it comes as a 0.3mg/ml solution and the cat weighs 6.6 lbs?

6.6 lbs / (2.2 lbs/kg) = 3 kg
3 kg x (0.015 mg/kg) = 0.045 mg
0.045 mg / (0.3 mg/ml)= 0.15 ml

When placing an epidural in a dog or cat, the spinal needle is inserted into the space located between which two vertebrae?

L7, S1

which opioid is commonly delivered via a transdermal patch?

fentanyl

A dog presents to your hospital to have surgery for a cranial cruciate ligament rupture (see x-ray). The veterinarian wants you to place an epidural after the patient is under anesthesia and before the procedure is performed. While performing the epidural you get blood in the hub of the spinal needle. What does this mean and what should you do?

you have entered the sinus, you should withdraw the needle and start over

Why should an NSAID and a corticosteroid never be given together?

it increases risk of serious GI ulceration

The non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketoprofen, should not be used in which patients?

patients with renal impairment

which analgesic most often causes vomiting as a side effect in dogs

morphine

t/f: increased heart rate may be a sign of pain in dogs

true

What is the term that describes nerve fibers that carry an impulse TOWARD the brain?

afferent

An owner has an elderly cat that has developed significant arthritis. She previously used meloxicam (Metacam) for her dog when he had arthritis. She would like to know if the doctor may prescribe the same medication for her cat. The use of metacam in cats, especially if used beyond a few days, has been known to cause what complication?

kidney failure

blood vessels are lined with a type of epithelium known as what?

endothelium

a 13.2-lb cat is being home with an oral solution of Tramadol for post-operative pain control. At a dose of 3 mg/kg, how many milliliters should be given if the solution comes in a 5 mg/ml concentration?

13.2lb / 2.2 = 6kg

6kg x 3mg/kg = 18mg

18mg / 5mg/ml = 3.6ml

phenylbutazone is often used for pain relief in horses. what side effect has been associated with this drug?

right dorsal colitis

A 60-kg dog needs to be sedated with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol. The doctor would like a dose of 10 ug/kg for dexmedetomidine and 0.1 mg/kg for butorphanol. Dexmedetomidine comes in a 1 mg/ml solution, and butorphanol is in a 10 mg/ml solution. How many milliliters of each medication will need to be administered for the patient's sedation?

dexmed:

60kg x 10ug/kg = 600ug = 0.6mg

0.6mg / 1mg/ml = 0.6ml

butorphanol:

60kg x 0.1mg/kg = 6mg

6mg / 10mg/ml = 0.6ml

A patient with a chest tube needs to have lidocaine administered via the tube to help with pain control. The patient weighs 80 lbs and needs 2 mg/kg of lidocaine administered. The doctor asks that the lidocaine be diluted in an equal volume of saline. The lidocaine comes in a 2% solution. How many total milliliters will you administer into the chest?

2% = 20mg/ml

80lb / 2.2 = 36.4kg

36.4kg x 2mg/kg = 72.8mg

72.8mg / 20mg/ml = 3.64mls lidocaine

3.64mls lidocaine + 3.64mls saline = 7.28 total mls

A client calls your clinic Monday morning to let you know her dog had an emergency foreign body surgery over the weekend. She said they placed a pain patch on his skin that will need to be removed in 2 more days. This patch likely contains what analgesic?

fentanyl

When performing an epidural using the hanging drop technique, what is an indication you have correct placement of the needle in the epidural space?

the drop of saline placed in the hub of the needle is sucked in

You are performing treatments on a horse and you need to apply dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) topically over a region of tenosynovitis in a horse. What personal protective equipment should be worn?

gloves

"Zoe", a 40 kg Labrador Retriever is recovering after a liver mass resection. The doctor asks you to start "Zoe" on a fentanyl constant rate infusion at 4 micrograms per kilogram per hour (ug/kg/hr). The concentration of fentanyl is 0.05mg/mL. The fluid rate is currently set at 100 mL/hour. How much fentanyl will you add to a liter of Normosol-R?

40kg x 4ug/kg/hr = 160ug/hr

160ug/hr x 10hr = 1600ug

1600ug/1000 = 1.6mg

1.6mg / 0.05mg/ml = 32ml

Which of the following is considered a partial mu agonist/antagonist?
Morphine
Hydromorphone
Naloxone
Butorphanol

butorphanol

Buprenorphine is to be sent home with a 17 pound domestic long hair for pain following an abdominal exploratory surgery. The veterinarian would like the prescription to be 0.01 mg/kg PO QID PRN, dispense 12 syringes. If the concentration of buprenorphine is 0.3 mg/ml, what will you put on the label?

give 0.25mls by mouth every 6 hours as needed for 3 days

You are working on assembling drugs for a canine anesthetic/analgesic protocol for an upcoming surgery. You will be giving hydromorphone or morphine as a premedication, diazepam just before induction with propofol, and you will place a fentanyl patch after surgery in addition to carprofen for pain control. Which of these mentioned drugs does not need to be logged as a controlled substance?

propofol

You are recovering an 80 pound patient post-op and the dog is painful. The surgeon would like you to give a Fentanyl injection prior to starting the constant rate infusion. He asks you to give 4 micrograms per kg IV. Fentanyl concentration is 0.05 mg/mL. What quantity do you administer?

80 pounds/2.2 = 36.3 kg
36.3 kg X 4 micrograms= 145 micrograms
145 micrograms / 1,000 = 0.145 mg
0.145 mg/ 0.05 mg/mL = 2.9 mL

which neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

epinephrine

blood pressure increases as blood vessels constrict. which system causes blood pressure to increase when stimulated, and which corresponding stimulus could induce this response?

sympathetic nervous system, fear

when performing a lameness exam in a horse, perineural anesthesia is used to localize the site of lameness. the most common medication used to perform perineural anesthesia is what drug?

lidocaine

a vet at your clinic is preparing to perform a punch biopsy of a dermal mass in a cat under local anesthesia. he asks you to add epinephrine to his lidocaine before administering the local anesthetic. what is the reason for adding epinephrine?

epinephrine prolongs the duration of lidocaine’s effects

A 47 pound Standard Poodle has come to your hospital for a hind limb lameness and the veterinarian would like you to give an injection of Carprofen SQ for pain. The dosage is 2.2 mg/kg. Using the image, how many milliliters will you give to this patient?
(50mg/ml)

47lb / 2.2 = 21.4kg

21.4kg x 2.2mg/kg = 47.1mg

47.1mg / 50mg/ml = 0.9ml

A 9-year old male neutered German Shepherd is diagnosed with an osteosarcoma at the distal radius. The owner has chosen palliative care and wants to keep him comfortable as long as possible. He is already on carprofen (Rimadyl) for pain. What other medication could he take for additional analgesia for his bone pain?

tramadol

Phenothiazine tranquilizers such as acepromazine are frequently used as preanesthetic agents. All of the following are true statements regarding these drugs EXCEPT for which?

they frequently cause vomiting

The veterinarian prescribes the NSAID carprofen for a 50-pound dog with arthritis at a dose of 4.4 mg/kg and would like this dose divided into two equal daily doses. In your hospital, you stock 25mg, 75mg, and 100 mg chewable tablets. What will you dispense and what are the directions?

100mg tablets, give ½ tablet in the morning and ½ tablet in the evening

A 120-pound Great Dane has presented with Gastric Dilatation Volvulus. The clinician has asked you to quickly prepare the drug protocol. As a premedication, the dog is to receive 0.08 mg/kg of Hydromorphone. How many milligrams will you administer?

120lb / 2.2 = 54.5kg

54.5kg x 0.08mg/kg = 4.4mg

what is the local anesthetic of choice for use in veterinary dentistry because it can provide 3-5 hours of pain relief?

bupivacaine

Tramadol is to be sent home with a 27 pound Beagle following a routine ovariohysterectomy. The veterinarian wants you to fill the prescription giving 2 mg/kg every 8 hours PO for 3 days. Tramadol comes in 50 mg tablets. How many tablets will you dispense?

27lb / 2.2 = 12.3kg

12.3kg x 2mg/kg = 25.4mg

½ tablet every 8 hours for 3 times daily = 4.5 tablets

dispense 5 tablets

in general, what age are puppy teeth considered to be retained

6 months

what personal protective equipment should be required for a dental cleaning

mask, eye protection, gloves

t/f: horses have hypsodont and wolf teeth

true

accumulations of desquamated cells, food particles, and bacteria along the teeth are known as what?

plaque

what material is used to record impressions or imprints of the teeth for orthodontic evaluation

alginate

mineralized debris on the tooth surface is known as what?

calculus

the tooth crown is covered by what?

enamel

enamel _______ may be seen in a puppy who has had distemper

hypoplasia

periodontal disease can refer to processes affecting what?

gingiva

overgrowth of the gums is known as what?

gingival hyperplasia

A 10 year old male neutered West Highland White Terrier with a history of 1st degree AV block is admitted to the clinic for a routine dentistry. All of his pre-anesthetic lab work has come back normal. Which anesthetic drugs would be most contraindicated in this case?

dexmedetomidine

A dog is having his teeth cleaned and has a discolored upper right third premolar. The doctor would like you to take an x-ray of this tooth. Which patient position would make the radiograph easiest to take?

sternal

what species have teeth that only grow for a limited time during development and do not continually erupt or grow throughout the life of the animal?

pigs

what species has a double row of incisors?

rabbit

What is the maximum time that an ultrasonic scaler can be used on a tooth surface?

10-15 seconds

what is the correct term for dental decay, causing demineralization of the hard tissues of the tooth?

caries

what is the dental formula for a cat?

2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1)= 30

_________ do not have canine teeth

rodents

what drug can cause discoloration of puppy teeth?

tetracycline

how many 3-rooted maxillary teeth are in the mouth of a dog?

6

in dogs, what teeth are permanent teeth with 2 roots?

mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1

what is the permanent dental formula for a dog?

2(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3)

what technique is needed to produce quality intra-oral radiographs?

bisecting angle technique

What procedure performed in horses includes filing and smoothing their teeth?

floating

Periodontal pockets are measured by which dental instrument?

probe

Which of the following is an example of an endodontic treatment?

root canal

(endodontics deals with the tooth pulp and the tissues surrounding the root of a tooth)

when referring to teeth, what term describes the portion of the tooth that is in line with the dental arcade and closest to the rostral midline of the dental arch?

mesial

t/f: regarding dentition in dogs, the incisors on the mandible should be palatal to the incisors on the maxilla

true

in normal occlusion, what is the proper position of the incisors and canine teeth when the mouth is closed?

mandibular incisors are palatal

in normal occlusion, what is the proper position of the incisors and canine teeth when the mouth is closed?

mandibular incisors are palatal to the maxillary incisors, and the mandibular canine is mesial to the maxillary canine

which of the following nerve blocks can be used to decrease anesthetic requirements and provide analgesia for a dental extraction of a maxillary tooth?

infraorbital block

when discussing teeth, what is the tooth surface closest to the tongue called?

lingual

inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces is called

stomatitis

how many adult teeth are in the dog’s mouth

42

the 4th upper premolars are connected with which structure in dogs?

maxillary sinus

A dog presents for a broken adult canine tooth. The tooth is broken at the tip and a small area of pulp is exposed. Exposure of pulp in a tooth should be treated in which way?

endodontic treatment

What percentage of dogs and cats, on average, has periodontal disease?

75%

what is the normal sulcus depth of the teeth in dogs when examining with a periodontal probe?

0-3mm

how many upper incisors does a goat have

zero

What is the correct number of the permanent right maxillary canine tooth of a dog or cat?

104

As teeth make contact and grind together they gradually become worn. What is this process known as?

attrition

Which species regurgitates food for remastication?

cattle

When are needle teeth in piglets usually clipped?

within 24 hours of birth

Which species does not have canine teeth?

rabbit

What is the dental formula for the adult horse (i.e. incisor-canine-premolar-molar)?

upper: 3-1-4-3

lower: 3-1-3-3

what is the carnassial tooth?

the largest shearing tooth of each dental arcade

what is an epulis?

a non-malignant oral tumor

what word describes something that is closer to the root of a tooth relative to another structure

apical

what is the number in the Triadan system for the premolar that is closest to the canine on the left mandible on a cat

307

A 60-lb patient is to go home on Clavamox after his dental cleaning. The dose is 14 mg/kg. What size tablet should the patient be sent home with?

60lb / 2.2 = 27.3kg

27.3kg x 14mg/kg = 382 = 375mg

t/f: the upper 4th premolars are triple rooted teeth in dogs

true

This 6-year-old Friesian cow has developed a mass on the left jaw region. The farmer reports that it developed over the last several weeks. The mass is firm, immobile, and painful on manipulation. While assisting the veterinarian, you notice a thick granular discharge coming from the mass. The veterinarian suspects "lumpy jaw", which is caused by which of the following agents?

actinomyces bovis

what is the dental formula for guinea pigs and chinchillas

2(I1/1 C0/0 PM1/1 M3/3) = 20

water comes from the ultrasonic scaler for which purpose?

it helps cool the instrument tip

A 12 pound DSH is presented to your hospital for a dental cleaning. The attending veterinarian has asked you to induce the cat with Propofol at a dosage of 4 mg/kg IV. The concentration of Propofol is 10 mg/ml. How many milliliters will you draw up in the syringe?

12lb / 2.2kg = 5.5kg

5kg x 4mg/kg = 22mg

22mg / 10mg/ml = 2.2ml

what is the purpose of polishing teeth after a dental cleaning

to smooth the microscopic defects on the tooth surface