Unit 1.3 Review - DNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA polymerase

enzyme that unzips DNA and links together a chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template

double helix

term that describes the shape of the DNA molecule

nucleotide

monomer of DNA, made of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

hydrogen bonds

type of bond holding the nitrogen base pairs together in DNA

covalent bonds

the type of bond that holds the backbone of DNA together (holds phosphate and sugar together)

A-T and C-G

Base pairing rules for DNA

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Transcription

the first step of protein synthesis; a messenger RNA molecule is made from a DNA template

Translation

second step of protein synthesis; process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein (chain of amino acids) is produced

primary structure of a protein

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain; important because it determines the final shape/function of the protein

amino acids

monomer of a protein

peptide bond

Bonds that connect amino acids.

codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

Transcription must always take place in the ___.

nucleus

Use an mRNA codon chart to determine what the codon AAA stands for.

Lysine

What organelle provides the proper environment to processes and fold a protein into shape?

endoplasmic reticulum

What organelle folds and packages proteins into vesicles for shipment around the cell?

golgi apparatus

ribosome

organelle that translates the mRNA message and links amino acids together to form proteins

transfer RNA

RNA type that brings amino acids to the ribosome; in order to build a protein

What would be the anticodon to the following codon: AUC?

UAG

A sequence of DNA is as follows:

A A C T G G T A C

What mRNA strand would be made from this sequence?

U U G A C C A U G

What does a stop codon do?

Signals the end of translation and the ribosome releases the protein

What does a start codon do?

tells the ribosome where to start;

codes for methionine, the first amino acid

polypeptide

-A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

-many polypeptide can be joined together to make a protein

What ultimately determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?

The sequence of bases in a gene

mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information and possible protein production

polymer

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

quaternary protein structure

2+ polypeptide chains forming functional protein