Organic Molecules

Organic compount

molecules that contain carbon

Inorganic compound

molecules that do not contain carbon

Carbon is often surrounded by

chydrogen

Why is carbon a versatile atom?

It can bind to many elements because of 4 valence electrons, and can make large complex molecules

Carbon is often bonded in a

tetrahedral shape

Electron configuration of carbon gives it what with other elements?

Covalent Compatability

Hydrocarbons

• Only Carbon and Hydrogen

• Can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

Isomers

compounds with same molecular formula but different structures or properties

Functional Groups

Components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Hydroxyl

-OH

Hydroxyls (-OH)

• Polar due to electronegative oxygen

• forms hydrogen bonds with water

• allows dissolving of compounds such as sugars

Carbonyl

>C=O

Ketose

Sugar with Carbonyl in the skeleton

Aldose

Sugar with carbonyl at the end

Carboxyl

-COOH

Carboxyl (-COOH)

Acts as an acid because the covalent bond between the hydrogen and oxygen is so polar

Amino

-NH₂

Amino (NH₂)

Acts as a base

Sulfhydryl

-SH

Sulfhydryl (-SH)

Helps stabilize protein structure

Phosphate

-PO₃^2-

Phosphate (-PO₃^2-)

Alters the ability to react with water releasing energy

Methyl

-CH₃

Methyl (-CH₃)

• Affects expression of genes

• Affects the shape and function of sex hormones

Polymers

Chains of Macromolecules

Monomers

the building blocks of polymers

Carbohydrates

Contain C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio

Monosaccharides

Most abundant are glucose and fructose

Glucose

• Most abundant monosaccharide

• part of food that humans eat

• made by plants during photosynthesis

  • broken down to release energy

Fructose

Common sugar in fruits

Monosaccharide Structure

Can be depicted in rings or as a straight line

Disaccharides

2 monosaccharide

Formation of disaccharides

Dehydration synthesis (condensation)

• Hydrogen from one sugar combines with the hydroxyl group of another sugar to create water as a byproduct

Bond caused by Dehydration synthesis

Glycosidic linkage

How to break apart disaccharides

Hydrolysis (the opposite of dehydration synthesis)

• add water

Polysaccharides

Repeated units of monosaccharides

Starch

• stores sugar in plants

• made of alpha-glucose molecules

Cellulose

made of beta-glucose molecules

Chitin

• structural molecule found in the walls of fungi/arthropod exoskeletons

• Can be used as a surgical thread

Glycogen

Stores sugar in animals

Amino Acids

monomer of protiens

• 20 types of naturally occuring amino acids

• Contains C,H,O,N

4 parts of an amino acid around a central carbon

• Amino group (-NH₂)

• Carboxyl group (-COOH)

• Hydrogen

• R Group

R group

• side chain

• interchangeable

• polar groups point outward

• hydrophobic groups point inward

Dipeptide

amino acid + amino acid

• formed by dehydration synthesis

Peptide Bond

formed during dehydration synthesis of the peptides

Polypeptide

multiple amino acids

Twisted Polypeptide chain

Protein!

Primary structure

Linear sequence, covalent bonds

Secondary structure

2 options

• alpha helix (coil)

• Beta pleat (zigzagging pattern)

Shape depents on an r group

Secondary structure is formed by

amino acids that interact with others in close proximity in the primary structure

• hydrogen bonds!

Tertiary structure

can have both alpha and beta sheets within structure

• stabilized by the covalent disulfide bridge

• bonds between R groups

Bonds in R groups (tertiary structure)

• Hydrogen bonds

• ionic bonds

• disulfide bridges

• hydrophobic interactions

Quaternary Structure