Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Wars

Vulgate bible

Latin bible

Indulgence

Issued by the catholic church, a payment that dismisses past or future sins and can release someone in purgatory to heaven, way for the church to make money

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that bread and wine can be Jesus's blood and body (think eucharist). Subject of debate in protestant reformation

Predestination

John Calvin's idea that a person is either born guaranteed to go to heaven or hell. "Elect" people can achieve salvation if they abide by the conditions: openly profess faith, decent life, baptism, communion. NOT related to material success or sacraments like Catholics thought

Catholic reformation

Catholic church responds to reformation with changes of their own. An internal audit of corruption with a council that thinks on it. Pope Paul III carries it out. Jesuit order becomes a big thing (emphasizes education and missionaries)

Erasmus

Early dutch humanist that had reformation-like ideas. "The Handbook of the Christian Knight" (1503)->internal piety>external church practices. "The Praise of Folly" (1504)->satirical critique of corrupt church and clergy. Popularized Christian humanism. Didn't actually support the reformation when it happened

Sir Thomas More

Reformation-like ideas, british guy who was lord chancellor for Henry VIII (knew he couldn't change the system). Wrote "Utopia" about communal idyllic island with 9 hour work day. Christian humanist who mostly opposed the reformation until Henry made him accept it

Christian humanism

Classics+religious text=piety and therefore the church should be reformed. Also called northern humanism. Love the bible and education

Was the printing press important for the reformation?

Yes . Reformation made the printing industry possible (so did indulgences). 95 theses passed around, German translated bible passed around

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517 (refuting the indulgences that Tetzel made for St. Peter's Basilica), led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. Wanted reform not a revolution->oops

95 Theses

Luther's list of 95 reasons why the Catholic church is corrupt. Ignored because Luther was from such a remote place in Germany

Diet of the Worms

Luther excommunicated and goes to diet (congress of sorts) to state his case. Charles V not satisfied with Luther sticking to his guns->declares him an outlaw with the Edict of Worms

Catholic abuses

Indulgences, veneration of relics (worshipping objects without
holy value), pluralism/absenteeism (clergy could hold several offices/many weren't fulfilling their duties), nepotism, biblical ignorance, simony (selling offices for money)

Other catholic church challenges: black death, great schism (multiple popes),

Why does the clergy being bad lead to reformation

Disillusionment grows and people are wanting to be more religious

Rise of Lutheranism

German bible for those literate in cities, sermons spreading the his ideas, pamphlets of images of anarchist pope etc, music, upper class elites first to convert. Pope Clement VII chose to support king Francis in France in Hapsburg-Valois Wars so Charles V didn't have papal support in stomping out protestants

How is Lutheranism different?

Justification/salvation through faith and not sacraments (only baptism, communion, and lords supper but not transubstantiation), no clergy hierarchy (you are your own priest but state churches), no more mass (bible focused and songs), clergy can marry

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

(1494-1559) Series of wars between France and the Holy Roman Empire over control of Italy and ND. Pope chose the French side because afraid of Charles V's power in Italy. Charles V sacks Rome and takes control of Italy

Charles V doesn't have time to deal with Protestant Reformation

Hapsburg-Valois Wars, Pope won't support him, fighting the Ottoman Empire (expanding into Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa led by Suleiman the Magnificent)

Are politics and religion intertwined even before religious wars?

Yes. Peasants assume Luther would support them in the Peasants Wars. Pope Clement VII chooses to help Francis I of France instead of Charles V in Hapsburg-Valois War

German Peasant Wars

1524-25: Peasant struggling economically and are being taxed heavily. Look to Luther for support in the revolt started by Thomas Muntzer. Luther says no with a pamphlet that calls the revolutionaries robbers and murderers (he's reliant on prince's support for spread of protestantism. Princes win

German Wars of Religion

1531s-1550: Charles V asks princes to come back to Catholic but they form defensive alliance (schmalkaldic league) in 1531. Charles busy until 1545 and then comes back and wins at Battle of Muhlberg. Alliance gets support of Henry II of France and Charles has to make a truce->also leaves German lands to brother Ferdinand b/c knows he's overextended

Peace of Augsburg

1555: Ends German Wars of Religion and formally acknowledges the split of the church and gives everyone equal political power. Princes can chose their religion

Calvinism

Second generation of reformation. John Calvin, french theolgian who is persecuted for beliefs in France and goes to Switzerland. Similar to Lutheranism but believe in predestination and don't believe Jesus is physically in Lord's Supper. Center=Geneva, very popular, becomes international force of activism

Anabaptists

Church=voluntary spiritual rebirth->adult baptism, not state led (community chosen leaders instead), didn't hold political office or use guns (except militaristic sect), menonites=peaceful dutch anabaptists. Separation of church and state. Some in ND

Genevan Consistory

Council body to enforce moral life and "doctrinal purity" in Geneva. Set up by Calvin to make Geneva a calvinist utopia (worked mostly). In charge of excommunication, blasphemy, small public disputes. Serious things moved to city council for punishment

Protestant work ethic

Way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God. Protestants economically successful in early European capitalism

Henry VIII's reformation in England

Was because the pope wouldn't allow him to divorce his wife, so he severed relations with the Roman church and made himself Supreme Head of the Anglican Church->an english pope

Catalyst of English reformation

Catherine of Aragon wasn't giving Henry VIII and heir so he wanted her gone

Act of Supremacy

Parliment passes a law saying that king=head of church of England and has all religious power. What he does: closes monasteries to get him money, doesn't change Anglican tradition much from catholic, treason act->die if you aren't protestant

Religious policy of Edward VI

Jane Seymour's sickly son who didn't rule for long. Council of Regency led by Cranmer (pushed and failed for reform under Henry) who made right of clergy to marry, bye images/relics, new services and prayer book (Book of Common Prayer). People angry at changes->sets up Mary to take over

Religious policy under Mary Tudor

1553-1558: Goal=get England back with pope. Married Philip II of Spain (made everyone angry), lost calais (made everyone angry), burned 300 protestants (made everyone angry). Before her protestantism=anarchy but now it =resistance. Catholic church died with her

Family changes

Family now at center of human life (no clergy celibacy), wife's duty cemented in the home. Equality of gospel doesn't equal gender role reform or class reform. Gets worse for women. Slight incentive for girls to be educated tho because large emphasis on the bible

Education

Humanist schools for all (not just the elite), Luther had a idea of public schools. Calvin made Geneva Academy, exemplary school that was half humanistic and half religious->trained ministers

Religious practices change

No more indulgences, veneration of relics, saints, pilgrimages, monasticism, clerical celibary

Changes in pop culture

No more saints day celebrations, religious ceremonies more private and in the home. Dutch Calvinists tried to takeaway christmas. Puritans tried to takeaway entertainment. Neither were super successful->not much changed

Ignatius Loyola and Jesuits

Iggy founded Jesuit order. Was a Spanish soldier of god. Wrote "The Spiritual Exercises"->how to follow god. Jesuit order values: obedience to pope.=, hierarchy for society, dedication to fight for god (missionaries), education!. Education was humanist and religious with a lot of discipline->famous schools. Fought protestantism and won in Poland

Roman Inquisition

Pope Paul III sets it up to try heretics and silence liberal clergy

Prohibited Works

Pope Paul IV's doing. Bans protestant thinkers and Erasmus

Council of Trent

(1545-1563) Pope Paul III tried to solve religious divide by getting a council of clergy together. Council cannot get anything done due to plague, war, and changing of popes. Moderates want compromise and to reabsorb protestants vs. conservatives want hard break. Consensus: catholicism does not change but local churches now exist to be more local. Renewed confidence in church

Bourgeoisie role in reformation

Big force, realists that need religion for certainty. Middle class has a sense of relativity and place b/c traders and merchants. Understand hard work and therefore don't need a priest intermidiary. Revolution against condescending church->want simple religion. Loved idea of justification by faith and vernacular bible

Change of what is religious

Humanity definition changes. Monks and not doing work is not pious. Work=piety despite labor being vulgar before

How did justification by faith undermine catholic church?

Psychological formula->attacked catholic idea of justification by works. Catholics like paternal authority->this was rejecting it. Rejected punishment of body and works

John Wycliffe

Early reformer (1329-1384), wanted to reform church->make relationship with god better by use of bible and translated bible into english

Jan Hus

Early reformer (1369-1415) from Bohemia (Czechia), created hussites (his followers)

Luther's core beliefs

- Faith alone brings salvation
- Bible is the sole authority
- Individual's can interpret bible

Why 1517?

Corruption of catholic church, new monarchies hungry for power, economic turmoil (inflation), humanism/Renaissance, printing press

Outcome of reformation

- End of dominant religion in Europe
- Religion = revolutionary ideology->revolutions from religion
- Politics and religion connected
- Religion is territorial
- Gender roles change for the worse
- Reason why Europe becomes so divided

Snowball of 95 Theses

Tetzel responds with 106 theses. Luther defends himself in German (gasp! use of own vernacular). Pope doesn't care about what's happening. Local princes protect Luther. Luther makes printing press profitable

Huguenots

French calvinists that were in all social classes, including 40-50% of nobility (House of Bourbon after Valois throne). Many people converted->powerful minority. Too small to attack but strong enough to defend

Catherine de Medici

1519-1589: Moderate Catholic who married into Valois dynasty through Henry II. Was regent and large political influence in Wars during her three sons' reign (Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III). Orchestrated marriage between daughter and Henry of Navarre, aided in St. Barts Day Massacre, helped with alliance between Henry III and Henry of Navarre. Politique.

Causes of French Civil Wars

Nobility annoyed with monarchy's centralizing of power. Towns people are too so they are willing to join religious cause. Religious loyalty>dynasty and personal loyalty

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

1572: Marriage of Catherine's daughter and Henry of Navarre that will "unite" two factions. Wedding goes awry when Guise family convinces Catherine it is a good time to kill all of the Huguenot nobility->three day massacre. Discredits Valois dynasty and continues war

House of Guise

Ultra-Catholic faction in France supported by pope and Jesuits. Very wealthy->gained support by client patronage system. Formed Holy League. Philip II supports Henry of Guise in War of the Three Henrys

War of the Three Henrys

1588-1589: Henry of Guise takes Paris and forces Henry III to give him title of Chief Minister. Henry III scared, assassinates Henry of Guise, and allies with Henry of Navarre to take back Paris and destroy Holy League. Henry III killed by crazy. monk->Henry of Navarre gets thrown, converts to catholicism again and ends war

"Paris is worth a Mass"

Henry of Navarre after becoming King Henry IV and converting back to catholicism to unite France

Holy League

Alliance of catholics across European continent that formed and disbanded several times. French form created by Henry of Guise with Philip II's support to fight Huguenots

Edict of Nantes

1598: Issued to by Henry VI to finally settle religious issues in France. Catholicism=official religion, Huguenots can worship in certain areas and have forts, Huguenots get full political rights (including holding office). Protestant minority recognized

Philip II's goals

Consolidate lands he inherited from father (centralize power by shifting lands away from land aristocracy), make Spain major European power (relied on imports, agriculture, and textile, silk, and leather industry)

Philip II's money problems

New world imports of silver not bringing in enough money to combat bad economy from war expenses post 1550. Had borrow money->crushing interest so Spain in decline by end of his reign

Philip II's Catholic influence

"Protector of Catholicism," used catholicism and inquisition to establish a strong central monarchy. Saw Spain as divinely chosen by God to stop Protestantism

Philip II's Catholic victories/failures

Yay!: Holy league defeats Ottoman Empire trying to take Cyprus in Battle of Lepanto (1571)
Yikes!: Couldn't crush Dutch Revolt and failed relations with Elizabeth

Spanish Netherlands

Northern: ND, Belgium, Luxembourg->more German, more Calvinist

Southern: South Belgium, more French

17 provinces. Growing Calvinism all over but more in north (already some anabaptists there)

Why can't Philip II control the Netherlands?

Because he is a foreigner who the locals have little respect for

Causes of Dutch Revolt

Dutch angry at heavy taxes imposed by Philip II that were used for Spanish interests and the weakening of local power. Philip II cracking on heresy->Dutch want religious freedom->religion=rebellion catalyst

Iconoclast Revolt

1566: Early phases of Dutch revolt. Nobles riot and destroy Catholic churches->Philip II sends 1000 troops and Duke of Alva to control. Merchants join bc mad at taxes and create Council of Troubles that wreaks havoc

Later phases of Dutch Revolt

1. 1576: William of Nassau/Prince Orange/William the Silent organizes unification of 17 provinces and sea beggars/pirates in Pacification of Ghent
2. Duke of Parma arrives, capitalizes on unification's religious differences to split union
3. Union of Arras, unification of southern provinces that accept Spanish Catholic control
3. Union of Utrecht, unification of northern Protestant provinces->very resistant to Spanish rule

12 Years Truce

1609: Basically ends the war by letting north by semi independent (not official until 1648) and stating south is still under Spanish control

Progress during Elizabeth I's reign

Prominent Protestant state, world empire ready, cultural Renaissance

Religious policy of Elizabeth I

In favor of moderation and compromise
- 1559: Elizabethan Settlement->repeal's Mary's actions and creates new Act of Supremacy that says she is the supreme governor no supreme head of church like Henry VIII
- Act of Uniformity->restored Book of Common Prayer with edits Catholics liked
- Est 39 Articles->confession of faith halfway between Lutheranism and Calvinism
- All but Catholics and Puritans happy

Catholic opposition to Elizabeth I

Mary Queen of Scots is next in line to throne, driven out of Scotland by Calvinists, returns and threatens Liz's throne, get beheaded by Liz (1587)->son James will be next ruler tho

Puritan opposition to Elizabeth I

Protestants that want all Catholic remnants out of Anglican church, are calvinist. Liz kept them in check during her reign

Elizabeth I and Parliament

Got them to support Elizabethan Settlement then made sure they didn't have much power (only met 13 time during her reign)->part of plan to centralize power

Elizabeth I foreign policy

Cautious and moderate with help of advisors William Cecil and Francis Walsingham->against war. Helps Dutch on dl with revolt to weaken Spain and France, raid Spanish ships for gold, only get dragged into war when make active effort in ND->Spanish Armada

Spanish Armada

Philip II and Duke of Parma respond to Liz meddling in ND. Decide to invade England bc think the Liz is weak and the people would bow down to a Catholic king. Disaster->try naval invasion and fail, boats very damaged. 16 more years of War, but England showed they are staunchly Protestant and Spain takes psychological blow

30 Yrs War phase 1

Bohemia, 1618-1625
-Frederick II (Hapsburg) fights and wins control of Bohemia and therefore gets last vote (3v3 Catholic vs Lutheran split between states that elect emperor, Bohemia is last state that has just been overrun by Calvinists
- Gets himself elected as HRE emperor by promising religious tolerance in Bohemia->breaks his promise->war
- Catholic forces winning

Defenstration of Prague

(1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia by the nobles. Frederick V of Palatinate as part of rebellion becomes King of Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War

30 Years War

(1618-1648) Large, full Europe conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire. Both alliances started in Germany pre-war but dragged other nations into war

30 Yrs War phase 2

Danish, 1625-1629
- Christian IV of Denmark joins to support Protestant Union (and get Baltic land) but gets defeated by the imperial forces (formerly the Catholic league->Hapsburg army) led by Albrecht von Wallenstein
- Result: Edict of Restitution (1629)->Ferdinand II returns lands Protestants took from Catholics post Peace of Augsburg->attempt to centralize HRE->angers both sides

30 Years War phase 3

Swedish, 1629-1635
- Swedish military leader Gustavus Adolphus joins Protestants (wants trade in Baltics)->wins two battles
- French enter conflict by providing money to reduce Hapsburg power->Cardinal Richelieu
- Fighting escalates (Ferdinand III, now in control and can't do much)->Spanish + Hapsburgs fighting Swedes, French, and Dutch FRENCH FINANCES SWEDISH SWORDS

30 Years War phase 4

Franco-Swedish, 1635-1648
- Most violent phase->Germany=battleground for other states
- French defeat Spanish because Spanish Empire dwindling as King Philip IV deals with Portugal rebellion->French=major power and Spain in decline SWEDISH STACKS FRENCH FISTS

Peace of Westphalia

1648: Ends 30 Years War. HRE no longer existent really (Hapsburgs decide to focus on pot stirring in east). Independence of Switzerland and Dutch. France, Sweden, Prussia are strong, HRE and Spain weak. Final end of middle ages->papacy ignored, nation over religion

Result of 30 Years War

Power vacuum in Europe (Austria and Prussia incoming) and military revolution, governments become more centralized