Anatomy Semester 1 Review

Study of structure

anatomy

study of function

physiology

List the Characteristics of life

1. Responsiveness

2. Conductivity

3. Contractility

4. Growth

5. Development

6. Reproduction

7. Respiration

8. Digestion

9. Excretion

10. Secretion

11. Circulation

all the chemical and physical reactions in the body

metabolism

to build up molecules

anabolic

to break down molecules

catabolic

What is the organization of humans?

chemical → Organelle → Cells → Tissue → Organs → System → Organism

What are the four types of tissues?

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

1. Integument

2. skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

When the body is standing with arms at side, palms facing forward, legs slightly spread

anatomical postion

What does the axial skeleton include

head, neck, and trunk

What does the appendicular skeleton include

upper and lower limbs

Cavity at the front of body

ventral cavity

cavity at the back of the body

dorsal cavity

cavity including the rib cage and diaphragm

thoracic cavity

cavity around the lungs

pleural cavity

cavity that separates the lungs and includes the trachea, esophagus, and heart

mediastinum cavity

cavity from bottom of hip bones to diaphragm

adominopelvic cavity

cavity from top of the hip bones to diaphragm

adominal portion

cavity formed by the hip bones

pelvic portion

cavity that houses the brain

cranial cavity

cavity that houses the spinal cord

spinal/vertebral cavity

membranes attached to the wall of a cavity

parietal membranes

membranes attached to the organs/interior

visceral membranes

adominal pelvic membrane

peritoneum

What is region 1

Right hypochondriac

What is region 2

Epigastric

What is region 3

Left hypochondriac

What is region 4

Right lumbar

What is region 5

Umbilical

What is region 6

Left lumbar

What is region 7

Right iliac

What is region 8

Hypogastric

What is region 9

Left iliac

What is a

Right upper quadrant

What is b

Left upper quadrant

What is c

Right lower quadrant

What is d

Left lower quadrant

What directional term means above

superior/cranial

What directional term means below

inferior/caudal

What directional term means front

anterior/ventral

What directional term means towards back

posterior/dorsal

What directional term means middle

medial

What directional term means left or right of mid line

lateral

What directional term means structures on opposite sides

contra lateral

What directional term means structure on same side

ipsilateral

What directional term means closer to point of attachment of limbs

proximal

What directional term means farther away from point of attachment for limbs

distal

What directional term means close to the body surface

superficial

What directional term means farther from body surface

deep

What directional term means sole of feet

plantar

What directional term means hands

palmer

cavity inside the organ or tubular vessel

lumen

toward center

central

away from center

peripheral

inner most part

medullary

outer most part

corticol/cortex

forms base, closest to attachment

basal

peak, furthest from attachment

apical/apex

What body plan divides into left and right

sagittal

What body plan divides anterior and posterior

coronal/frontal

What body plan divides superior and inferior

transverse/horizontal

sagittal plane at the midline

midsagittal

sagittal plane that’s between lateral to midline

parasagittal

maintenance of relatively stable internal environment

homeostasis

a regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response to oppose change

negative feedback loop

regulatory mechanism in which changes in controlled variable triggers response that drives changes further from set point

positive feedback loop

fluid inside cells

intracellular fluid

fluid outside cells

exracellular fluid

fluid directly around cell

interstitial fluid

used to dissect and study the human body

cadavers

short wavelength, high energy radiation passes through solid object

X-rays/radiography

radar technology that uses sound waves to visualize structures

ultrasonography

Uses x-ray scanner goes 360 degrees around patient uses contrast agent

CT scan

a unique high-speed volume imaging x-ray scanner based on computed tomographic principles

DSR

Uses strong magnets to image body

MRI

uses short lived radio pharmaceuticals to evaluate area scanned

PET scan

group of similar cells carrying out a particular function

tissue

study of tissues

histology

What are the epithelial shapes?

1. Squamous

2. Cuboidal

3. Columnar

What are the epithelial layers?

• simple

• stratified

Type of epithelial cells found in protected areas with function of absorption and secretion

simple squamous

Type of epithelial cells found in esophagus, anus, line oral cavity, and surface of skin with the function of withstanding mechanical stress

stratified sqamous

Type of epithelial cells found in ovaries, kidney tubules, and glands, with the function of secretion and absorption

simple cuboidal

Type of epithelial cells found in mammary glands, pancreas, glands of reproductive tract with the function of secretions

stratified cuboidal

Type of epithelial cells found in small intestine, rectum and uterus with the function of absorption

simple columnar

Type of epithelial cells found in male urethra and ductus deferens and pharynx/nasal epithelium

stratified columnar

Type of epithelial cells found in respiratory and reproductive tract with the function of high absorption and movement. Includes goblet cells and cilia

pseudostratified columnar

Is epithelial tissue vascular(bv) or avascular(no bv) ?

avascular

What are the defining characteristics of CT?

extracellular matrix; protein fibers, fluid, nonfibrous protein, surround, support, communication, point of attachment

CT cells that synthesize and secrete fibers for matrix

fibroblasts

CT immune cell

macrophage

CT fat cell

adipose cell

CT cells that secretes melanin

melanocyte

CT cells that is not fully differentiated

stem cell

Thick fibers that are strong to resist pulling found in ligaments and tendons

collagen

spring like fiber that can be stretched and return to original found in vocal cords

elastic fibers

thin fibers the provide delicate support that is still collagen

reticular fibers

CT that is 99% collagen fibers and found in tendons and ligaments

dense regular CT

CT that is 60% collagen fibers and is found in the dermis of the skin

dense irregular CT