BIO 103 FINAL (GMU)

The scientific approach attempts to model the behavior of biological systems by analyzing the interactions among parts

biology

system biology

the cell

order

independent variable

Systems Biology

This important characteristic of life is seen through uniform development of 10 digits on every hand, and symmetry on the left and right side of the body

biology

systems biology

the cell

order

independent variable

Order

The study of life and processes related to its function

biology

systems biology

the cell

order

independent variable

Biology

An observable and measurable change that is manipulated during experimental protocols

biology

systems biology

the cell

order

independent variable

Independent Variable

This is the basic unit of life; all domains of life contain one of these at a minimum

biology

systems biology

the cell

order

independent variable

The cell

This term is helpful in defining species, those pairs of individuals whose mating doe snot result in a hybrid or new species meet this aspect of species definition

Speciation

reproduction isolation

natural selection

reproductive barriers

Reproductive isolation

This term refers to the inheritance of traits that give an organism a selective advantage to reach the age of reproduction

Speciation

reproduction isolation

natural selection

reproductive barriers

Natural Selection

An exam of this event is the building of a road in the middle of a population preventing the exchange of genetic information between member on either side of the road

Speciation

reproduction isolation

natural selection

reproductive barriers

reproductive barriers

An example of this event is the birth of a healthy hybrid with a selective advantage to reach reproductive age

Speciation

reproduction isolation

natural selection

reproductive barriers

speciation

The scientific study of how developmental processes and the changes to genes that regulate these processes may be collected to evolution

evo-devo

homeotic genes

phylogenetic tree

convergent evolution

parsimony

Evo-devo

A hypothetical description of evolutionary relationships

evo-devo

homeotic genes

phylogenetic tree

convergent evolution

parsimony

phylogenetic tree

The use of the simplest explanation for observed phenomena

evo-devo

homeotic genes

phylogenetic tree

convergent evolution

parsimony

Parsimony

A term is used to describe similarities in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

evo-devo

homeotic genes

phylogenetic tree

convergent evolution

parsimony

Convergent evolution

Small changes to these may result in a novel body plan with a selective advantage. Large changes to the often result in the death of a progeny prior to birth

evo-devo

homeotic genes

phylogenetic tree

convergent evolution

parsimony

Homeotic Genes

The description of an animal tie enough control of their internal metabolism to result in body temperature regulation

Chordates

Amniotic egg

ectothermic

placenta

endothermic

Endothermic

The description of an animal without enough control of their internal metabolism to result in body temperature regulation

Chordates

Amniotic egg

ectothermic

placenta

endothermic

Ectothermic

A clade of organisms defined by the presence of the hallow dorsal neural tube during development

Chordates

Amniotic egg

ectothermic

placenta

endothermic

Chordates

A developmental organ that is divided into four internal membranes, protecting and nourishing a developing embryo

Chordates

Amniotic egg

ectothermic

placenta

endothermic

Amniotic Egg

A developmental organ where nutrients from the mother's blood diffuse into the embryo's blood

Chordates

Amniotic egg

ectothermic

placenta

endothermic

Placenta

The diploid generation of plants that produce a (2n) fertilized cell

gametophyte

sporophyte

stomata

vascular tissue

seeds

Sporophyte

The haploid generation of plants that produce an (n) unfertilized cell

gametophyte

sporophyte

stomata

vascular tissue

seeds

Gametophyte

An evolutionary advantage to some plants that is derived from the ovule. The ovule must first be fertilized after which it can form this term

gametophyte

sporophyte

stomata

vascular tissue

seeds

seeds

This plant body part allows for the transport of water and minerals. additionally, it is used for support

gametophyte

sporophyte

stomata

vascular tissue

seeds

vascular tissue

This plant body part allows for gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere. In addition, they regulate the amount of water that evaporates from the body.

gametophyte

sporophyte

stomata

vascular tissue

seeds

Stomata

Which theory explain the presence of marsupial fossils in Antartica

a) due to early continental structures Asia and Australia were connected through the americas and Antartica

b) due to the early continental structures asian and Australia has a direct land bridge between them

c) due to early continental structures Antartica was in the current location that Australia is and thus marsupials originated in Antartica

d) due to early continental structures Antartica was in the current location that Asia is and thus marsupials originated in Antartica

Due to the early continental structures Asia and Australia were connected through the Americas and Antartica

A mutation in a chimpanzee homeotic gene approximately 7 million years ago resulted in the shift of the opening in the base of the skill through which spinal cord exits. What resulting hominid characteristic did this likely produce?

bipedalism

the spinal cord

mammary glands

the large brain

none of the above

Bipedalism

Our understanding of the periodic changes to the conserved regions which in the genetic code has resulted din what theoretical construct?

parsimony

the Darwin finch

systematics

the molecular clock

none of the above

The molecular clock

Which characteristic is the major distinction between the lobed finned fish and amphibians, reptiles, and mammals?

vertebral columns

legs

jaws

lungs

none of the above

Lungs

Which adaptions was essential in the migration of reptiles away from regions very close to water?

a) moist skin allowing them to breathe through the skin and lunch

b) ability to regulate their internal body temperature

c) use of a specialized jelly to protect and nurture their embryos in water

d) dry skin preventing them from losing water through their skin

e) none of the above

Dry skin preventing them from losing water through their skin

A new species of fish has been identified. Some characteristic of this fish include the presence of a skeleton made of bone, the absence of any rod-shaped bones, and a jaw. Based on your understanding of vertebrate classification what lineage does this species belong to?

ray-finned fishes

Chondrichthyes

mantas

lobe-finned fishes

none of the above

ray-finned fishes

The Cambrian explosion is an event occurring over 500 million years ago that resulted in the appearance of most major animal phyla. What event is it closely linked to?

the movement of plants to land

the movement of fish to land

the extinction of dinosaurs

the evolution of Homo sapiens

none of the above

The extinction of dinosaurs

Which characteristic of early land was a significant advantage driving the movement of plants to land? **confirm

a) increased heat on land allowing to efficient photosynthesis

b) the presence of gravity drawing plants to land

c) an increased number of nutrients in the soil due to animal death and desiccation

d) decreased CO2 concentrations on land due to no other plant life

e) none of the above

Increased heat on land allowing for efficient photosynthesis

Pollen and seeds for fertilization and reproduction were an important step in the evolution of terrestrial plant life, what class of plants is characterized by these traits?

all plant life

pines

mos s

ferns

none of the above

pines

The seed greatly improved reproductive success of plants through which mechanism?

a) seeds provide hardened support to combat gravity

b) seeds allow for the absorption of water and minerals from soil

c) seeds protect embryos and can be carried by the wind

d) seeds are fully digestible and will degrade within animals

e) none of the above

Seeds protect embryos and can be carried by the wind

How are plants linked to the global cooling event seen during the carboniferous period?

a) increased plant biomass was accomplished through the conversion of atmospheric CO2

b) decreased plant biomass was accomplished through the conversion of atmospheric CO2

c) increase biomass was accomplished through the conversion of solar heat

d) decreased plant biomass was accomplished through the conversion of solar heat

Increased plant biomass was accomplished through the conversion of atmospheric CO2

What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms

a) gymnosperms are true vascular plants and angionsperms are seedless vascular plants

b)angiosperms are true vascular plants and angiosperms are seedless vascular plants

c) gymnosperms produce fruit in the form of pines and angiosperms produce fruit in the form of seeds

d) angiosperms produce fruit in the form of pines and gymnosperms produce fruit in the form of seeds

e) Angiosperms produce fruits and flowers while gymnosperms produce seeds

Angiosperms produce fruits and flowers while gymnosperms produce seeds

This component of the flower is the "male" organ and the site of pollen release

sepal

petal

stamen

carpel

none of the above

Stamen

A fruit, as compared to pine cones, has what evolutionary advantage?

a) the number of chromosomes within the seed

b) the ability to be transported through animal digestive systems

c) protection of the seed coat

d) dispersal of the seed

e) none of the above

The ability to be transported through animal digestive systems

In biology observations of natural phenomenon serve as the first step in the collection of science, what testing event must follow for proper execution of the scientific process

observation

experiment

conclusion

theory

none of the above

Experiment

The three domains of life are classification system that is constantly evolving over time. This particular classification is marked by the presence of an organized location for its genetic material. DNA is not free flowing in this domain

protista

eukarya

bacteria

archaea

none of the above

Eukarya

All the squirrels found in the GMU community belong to what biological level of organization

organs

biosphere

population

ecosystem

none of the above

Population

The ability of a heart to pump blood as a result of many individual cells in the working together in individual process that add up to a new behavior than no individual cell has is called

emergent properties

potential energy

reductionism

systems biology

none of the above

Emergent properties

A predator has hunted a species down to a very small number, which of the following circumstances follows the theory natural selection

a) progeny born in this generation of the prey species are born a new color very different from the current environment

b) progeny born in this generation of the prey species are born with an increase in body fat

c)progeny born in this generation of the prey species are born a new color that is very similar to the current environment

d) progeny born in this generation are born sterile

e) none of the above

progeny born in this generation of the prey species are born a new color that is very similar to the current environment

Why is the Golden Rice marked as a result of artificial selection?

a) golden rice is a variety of rice

b) golden rice is an excellent source of beta carotene

c) golden rice comes from a photosynthetic plant

d) golden rice has a seed coat

e) none of the above

Golden rice is an excellent source of beta carotene

What property of life is exemplified by animals running from predators, desert plants, drawing in carbon dioxide at night, and hibernation of bears in the winter?

Response to the environment

order

capacity to reproduce

courting behavior

none of the above

Response to the environment

A species is defined as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce what kind of off spring

stable

health

fertile

adult

none of the above

Fertile

The dogma of molecule of biology states that what molecule is a messenger molecule between the other two?

DNA

RNA

protein

ribosomes

none of the above

RNA

All the energy that is used on this planet comes from which of the following sources? **needs confirmation

nuclear power

hydroelectric power

coal

chemical energy

solar energy

solar energy

if the human race built space ships and moved to mars along the seeds of energy plant on earth, what event would likely occur within the next 100 years?

macroevolution

microevolution

human extinction

plant extinction

none of the above

macroevolution

Which of the following real world species does not fit the biological definition of a species as we defined it in class?

elephants

red pandas

mules

giant pandas

none of the above

mules

Which of the following barriers to reproduction represents a post zygotic barrier?

a large canyon

variation in mating dances between species

parts that don't fit

hybrid infertility

none of the above

hybrid infertility

some speciation occurs because of a natural divide that separates populations, what kind of speciation occurs within the same geographic region? ** confirm

allopatric

homeopathic

sympatric

empathic

none of the above

sympatric

success of sympatric speciation is dependent on the presence of a high variety of what geographic feature?

mountain ranges

competitive predators

resource variety

inhospitable lands

none of the above

resource variety

This species is responsible for what scientists term the 6th mass extinction?

homo erectus

Homo sapiens

homo neanderthalensis

homo floresiensis

none of the above

Homo sapiens

Darwin's finches all originated from the same species and evolved to their environment as an example of what

mass extinction

convergent evolution

adaptive radiation

analogous evolution

none of the above

adaptive radiation

Two similar species that have been divided for 100 years have recently migrated within proximity of each other due massive environmental changes, what can be expected within this new hybrid zone?

a) lack of species interaction, with all species staying within a confined region

b) significant species interaction, with both species moving away to a new region

c) lack of species interaction, with both species finding plenty of resources available to both of them

d) significant species interaction, with the possible evolution of a hybrid species

e) none of the above

significant species interaction, with the possible evolution of a hybrid species

the red panda is more closely related to which of the following species

giant panda

baboon

fox

raccoon

none of the above

raccoon

Carbon-18 Is a radioactive isotope of the stable carbon-12. Fluorine-18 is the stable atom of the element fluorine. What is the key difference between fluorine-18 and carbon-18?

a) fluorine-18 has more protons than carbon-18

b) carbon-18 has more protons than fluorine-18

c) fluorine-18 has more neutrons than carbon-18

d) carbon-18 has more electrons than fluorine-18

e) none of the above

fluorine-18 has more protons than carbon-18

beta decay refers to the loss of neutrons from elemental isotopes during a defined period of time. Element B-7 is a radioactive isotope with 3 extra neutrons whose beta decay is 5 years. In 15 years Element B-7 become what?

Ion B-4

Isotop A-4

Proton A-4

Element B-4

None of the above

element b-4

a polar covalent bond between element a (high electronegative) and element B (less electronegative) will likely have the shared electrons found where?

exactly in between element A and B

closer to element A

closer to element B

The question does not have enough information to answer this

none of the above

closer to element a

water is a polar covalent molecule. what bond formation resulting directly from polarity of water, is a key contributor of the many unique properties of water

oxygen bond

phosphate bond

nitrogen bond

hydrogen bond

sulfur bond

hydrogen bond

this is the organelle where protein are synthesized, it is characterized by the presence of ribosomes on its surface:

smooth ER

rough ER

Smooth transport vesicles

rough transport vesicles

none of the above

rough ER

the chemical groups found on an organic molecule that gives each molecule unique and specific properties are referred to as what

special groups

side chains

functional groups

activity group

functional groups

in terms of biological molecules, what is the key difference in the composition of RNA that differentiates it from DNA?

a) RNA contains cellulose and DNA contains starch

b) RNA contains sugar and DNA contains amino acids

c) RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose

d) RNA contains rubisco and DNA contains deoxyrubisco

FNA contains Ribose and DNA deoxyribose

Which of the following traits is NOT found in all cells?

plasma membrane

DNA

nuclear membrane

ribosomes

nuclear membrane

The thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton is

actin

intermediate filaments

microtubules

collagen

microtubules

building block of the microtubules is

actin

intermediate filaments

microtubules

collagen

actin

water moving across a plasma membrane freely but salt requiring the help of a transport protein is an example fo what property of the plasma membrane

porosity

unsaturated permeability

selective permeability

mosaicity

selective permeability

the primary purpose of microfilaments is

be the "Roads" of the cell

provide shape for the cell

provide support for the nucleus

traffic organelles within the cell

provide shape for the cell

Amino acids and proteins are distinguished from hydrocarbons by the presence of what two organic building blocks?

carbon and hydrogen

sulfur and nitrogen

nitrogen and carbon

nitrogen and hydrogen

none of the above

sulfur and nitrogen

this biomolecule is an important lipid that allows for the segregation of cells within enclosed environments. The key property of this molecule is the combination of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

micelle

bicelle

fatty lipid

brown fat

phospholipid

phospholipid

In the early 1500s there was a species of fish that adapted to changing predators in the ocean due to human influence. By the mid 1500s this species was extinct and in place were two very closely related species with bright coloring in their scales. Today those same two species are founding the ocean in high number with little change to the original color pattern in their scales. What is this an example of?

adaptive radiation

natural radiation

punctuated equilibrium

gradual evolution

punctuated equilibrium

which of the following adaptations was essential in the migration of reptiles away from regions very close to water?

a) moist skin allowing them to breathe through the skin and lungs

b) ability to regulate their internal body temperature

c) use of a specialized jelly to protect and nurture their embryos in water

d) dry skin preventing them from losing water through the skin

dry skin preventing them from losing water through the skin

Darwin's finches were all originated form the same species and evolved to their environment as an example of what?

mass extinction

convergent evolution

adaptive radiation

analogous evolution

adaptive radiation

This particular structural junction between cells allows for the movement of small molecules between connecting cells

a) gap junction

b) anchoring junction

c) transfer junction

d) tight junction

e) none of the above

gap junction

in plant cells this organelle finishes the breakdown of sugar to generate ATP in the presence of oxygen

a) ribosomes

b) mitochondria

c) chlorophyll

d) ER

mitochondria

the molecules that bind an enzyme are termed substrates. what is the key factor of a substrate that allows for the exact match that exists in the enzyme-substrate complex?

substrate shape

this example of an endergonic reaction on the plasma membrane. the primary result is the movement of ions against their concentration gradient

exocytosis

phagocytosis

passive transport

active transport

active transport

the activation energy for reaction x is 34 kcal/mol in the absence of an enzyme. the reactants of reaction x are the substrate for enzyme A. what is the likely activation energy for reaction x in the presence of the enzyme a

28 kcal/mol

34 kcal/mol

39 kcal/mol

42 kcal/mol

28 kcal/mol

The transfer of phosphate groups between relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway is termed what

reception

transduction

induction

integration

transduction

fermentation is an example of the degradation of organic compounds to form energy. the degradation can also be performed within the human body in the presence of oxygen. what is this called ?

lactic acid fermentation

hydrolysis

cellular respiration

ethanol fermentation

cellular respiration

special molecules carry electrons released from the breakdown of glucose into the mitochondria. what is the molecule?

NADH

ATP

pyruvate

CAMP

NADH

glycolysis is very simple defined as the conversion of what into what?

citric acid into malate

water into carbon dioxide

ADP into ATP

glucose into pyruvate

glucose into pyruvate

the first step in glycolysis is the transfer of two phosphate groups, from two ATP molecules, to the 6 carbon sugar glucose. in terms of energetics, what type of reaction is this?

endothermic

exothermic

oxidation

reduction

endothermic

in the transfer of energy away from an electron rich molecule the molecule that has lost an electron is termed what?

endothermic

exothermic

oxidation

reduction

oxidation

this morning I ingested 4 molecules of glucose which were broken down into pyruvate what is my net gain in ATP and NADH from glycolysis

8 ATP 4 NADH

4 ATP 8 NADH

8 ATP 8 NADH

4 ATP 4 NADH

8 ATP 8 NADH

The second step in the respiratory chain, pyruvate oxidation occurs at what cellular cite?

the cytosol

the mitochondrial matrix

the mitochondrial cortex

the electron transport chain

the mitochondrial matrix

pyruvate oxidation results in the release of what molecule?

H20

Glucose

CO2

Lactose

CO2

one molecule of acetyl CoA results in how many ATP molecules by the citric acid cycle?

1

2

3

4

1

one molecule of acetyl CoA results in how many NADH molecules by the citric acid cycle?

1

2

3

4

3

the cellular location of glycolysis is where

mitochondria

cytosol

Golgi apparatus

nucleus

cytosol

oxidative phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons from cytochromes to cytochromes until they reach the final electron acceptor, which is?

complex 1

oxygen

ATP synthase

fluorine

carbon

oxygen

fermentation occurs in the muscles of humans. what is the product of this reaction

lactate

sucrose

glucose

ethanol

lactate

a molecule building block (As small as a single atom) with specific properties based on the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons

compound

element

atomic number

atomic mass

mass number

element

a number that is roughly equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in an atom but also considers the weight of each electron

compound

element

atomic number

atomic mass

mass number

atomic mass

a number that is exactly equal to the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

compound

element

atomic number

atomic mass

mass number

mass number

a molecule that is composed of two or more atoms of different elements

compound

element

atomic number

atomic mass

mass number

compound

A number that is exactly equal to the number of protons in an atom

compound

element

atomic number

atomic mass

mass number

atomic number

this term refers to a portion of a molecule that determine most properties of molecule interactions

functional groups

polymers

monomers

starch

cellulose

functional group

this sugar chain is used to store energy in plants

functional groups

polymers

monomers

starch

cellulose

starch