What type of reaction is ammonia and sulphuric acid?
titration
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What should you ensure you final product in a titration for fertilisers does not contain?
indicator, excess acid
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What name can you give to small-scale fertilisation production?
batch
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What name can you give to large scale fertilisation production?
continuous
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Does continuous or batch scaler have a higher cost?
continuous
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Does continuous or batch scaler have a higher production rate?
continuous
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Does continuous or batch scaler have a higher shut down rate?
batch
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Does continuous or batch scaler have a higher workforce?
batch
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In which ways can ethanol be made?
fermentation of glucose, hydration of ethene
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Give the balanced equation for the fermentation of glucose.
C₆H₁₂O₆₍ₐq₎ → 2O₂₍g₎ + 2C₂H₅OH₍ₐq₎
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Where does glucose come from?
plant sugars
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What is used to catalyse the fermentation of glucose?
yeast enzymes in cells
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What temperature does the fermentation of glucose need to be?
35°C
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What are the advantages of fermenting glucose to make ethanol?
low cost/modereate conditions/low energy
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Gave the balanced symbol equation for the hydration of ethene.
C₂H₄ + H₂O ⇌ 2C₂H₅OH
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Where does ethene come from?
crude oil
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At what temperature is the hydration of ethene?
300C
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At what pressure is the hydration of ethene?
60 atm
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What is the catalyst used in the hydration of ethene?
phosphoric acid
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What are the advantages of hydrating ethene to make ethanol?
high rate of reaction/high percentage yeild/high purity/no by-products
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What is the percentage yield in hydrating ethene to make ethanol?
95%
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What are the disadvantages of hydrating ethene to make ethanol?
high cost/ high conditions(therefore expensive)/ high energy requirement
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What product is made in the Haber process?
ammonia(NH₃)
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What is the symbol equation for the Haber Process?
N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g)
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What is the word equation for the Haber process?
nitrogen + hydrogen --> ammonia
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What are the raw materials of the Haber process?
nitrogen, hydrogen
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Where is nitrogen found?
atmosphere
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Where is hydrogen obtained from?
reacting methane with steam
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What is most of the ammonia used for?
fertilisers
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What catalyst is used in the Haber process?
iron
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What pressure is used in the Haber process?
200 atmospheres
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What temperature is used in the Haber process?
450C
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Why is a compromise used in the Haber process?
expensive to achieve high pressures (stronger equipment and more energy needed)
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What is made in the Contact process?
sulphuric acid
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What are the raw materials used in the Contact process?
sulphur, air, water
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What is the word equation for stage 1 of the contact process?
sulphur + oxygen --> sulphur dioxide
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What is the symbol equation for stage 1 of the contact process?
S(s) + O₂(g) --> SO₂(g)
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What is the word equation for stage 2 of the contact process?
sulphur dioxide + oxygen --> sulphur trioxide
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What is the symbol equation for stage 2 of the contact process?
2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) -> 2SO₃(g)
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What is the word equation for stage 3 of the Haber process?
sulphur trioxide + water -> sulphuric acid
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What is the symbol equation for stage 3 of the Haber process?
SO₃(g) + H₂O(l) -> H₂SO₄(aq)
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Which stage of the contact process is in equilibrium?
stage 2
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What pressure is used in the contact process?
2 atm
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Why is the pressure of 2 atm used in the contact process?
the equilibrium position already lies far right
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What temperature is used in the contact process?
450C
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Why is the temperature of 450C used in the contact process?
the forward reaction is exothermic but a reasonable rate is needed
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What catalyst is used in the contact process?
Vanadium(V) oxide
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What is an ore?
a rock/mineral containing enough of a metal compound to make it economical to extract the metal
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What is the ore for copper compounds?
malachite
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What is the formula for copper compounds?
CuCO₃
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What is the ore for aluminium compounds?
bauxite
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What is the formula for aluminium compounds?
Al₂O₃
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What is the ore for iron?
haematite
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What is the formula for iron compounds?
Fe₂O₃
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Whar is the name of the process used to extract aluminium?
electrolysis
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Why is electrolysis used to extract aluminium?
it is more reactive than carbon
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What do copper and iron react with to be extracted?
carbon
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What do copper ores typically contain?
CuS (copper sulphate)
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What happens in stage 1 in copper extraction?
copper(II) sulphate is roasted in air
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What is the symbol equation for stage 1 in copper extraction?
2CuS(s) + 3O₂(g) -> 2CuO(s) + 2SO(g)
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What happens in stage 2 of copper extraction?
the copper(II) oxide is heated with carbon
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What is the symbol equation for stage two of copper extraction?
2CuO(s) + C(s) -> 2Cu(s) + CO₂(g)
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What is reduced in copper extraction?
CuO / copper oxide
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What is oxidised in copper extraction?
Cu / copper
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What is the reducing agent in copper extraction?
C / carbon
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How is iron extracted from its ore?
blast furnace, by reducing iron oxide with carbon
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What is 'coke'?
carbon, coal
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What happens in stage 1 of iron extraction?
coke burns in hot air
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What is the symbol equation for stage 1 of iron extraction?
C(s) + O₂(g) -> CO₂(g)
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What happens in stage 2 of iron extraction?
more coke reduces CO₂ to CO
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What is the symbol equation for stage 2 of iron extraction?
CO₂(g) + C(s) -> 2CO(g)
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What happens in stage 3 of iron extraction?
CO reduces the Fe₂O₃ at 1500C
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What is the symbol equation for stage 3 of iron extraction?
3CO(g) + Fe₂O₃(s) -> 3CO₂(g) + 2Fe(l)
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What is used to purify iron?
limestone (CaCO₃)
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What are the two stages of purifying molten iron?
thermal decomposition, slag formation
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What is the symbol equation for thermal decomposition?
CaCO₃(g) -> CaO(s) + CO₂(g)
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What is the symbol equation for stage two of purifying molten iron?
CaO(s) + SiO₂(s) -> CaSiO₃(l)
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What is aluminium oxide dissolved in before extraction?
molten cryolite
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Why is aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite before extraction?
reduces melting point temperaturre
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What happens at the cathode when iron is extracted?
reduction
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What is the half equation at the cathode in aluminium extraction?
Al3+ + 3e- -> Al
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What is the half equation at the anode in aluminium extraction?
2O2- -> O₂ + 4e-
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How can metals be extracted biologically?
bioleaching, phytoextraction
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What type of ores is biological extraction typically used for?
low grade ores
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How is thw metal extracted from the plants grown on ores?
absorbption of metal ions(sometimes complexing agent used). the plants are then harvested and burnt and the ash is used to extract the metal by electrolysis or reacting with carbon
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What are the advantages of using bacteria to extract metals?
low energy (therefore cheaper)
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What are the disadvantages of using bacteria to extract metals?
slow / can release toxic waste into water ways and soil
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What is an alloy?
a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
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