Ch 7 PHYL 141 Exam 3

alveolar process of the mandible

upper border of mandible that holds lower teeth

alveolar process of the maxilla

curved inferior margin of maxilla that supports and anchors upper teeth

angle of the mandible

rounded corner at junction of body and ramus

angle of the rib

portion of rib with greatest curvature forming most posterior extent of thoracic cage

anterior arch

anterior portion of the ring-like C1 (atlas) vertebra

anterior cranial fossa

shallowest and most anterior cranial fossa of cranial base extending from frontal bone to sphenoid

anterior longitudinal ligament

ligament running length of vertebral column uniting anterior vertebral bodies

annulus fibrosus

tough outer ring of intervertebral disc

appendicular skeleton

division of skeleton that includes upper and lower limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles

articular tubercle

smooth ridge on inferior skull anterior to mandibular fossa

atlas

first cervical vertebra (C1)

axial skeleton

division of skeleton that includes skull vertebral column hyoid bone sternum and ribs forming body’s central axis

canal

passageway through a bone

canaliculi

channels in bone matrix that allow osteocyte communication and nutrient exchange

cartilage

semi-rigid connective tissue that supports flexible body structures

central canal

longitudinal channel in osteon containing blood vessels and nerves

cervical vertebrae

seven vertebrae in neck labeled C1–C7

coccyx

fused tailbone formed from four vertebrae

compact bone

dense osseous tissue that withstands compressive forces

condyle

rounded projection that forms articulation with another bone

condylar process

mandible projection that forms jaw joint with temporal bone

coronoid process

mandible projection for muscle attachment

cranial bones

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones that protect brain

cribriform plate

ethmoid bone region with olfactory foramina allowing smell nerve passage

crista galli

ethmoid bone projection that anchors brain meninges

diaphysis

shaft of long bone between proximal and distal ends

diploë

spongy bone layer between two layers of compact bone in flat bones

endochondral ossification

process where bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

endosteum

membrane lining medullary cavity of bone

epiphysis

expanded ends of long bones containing spongy bone and red marrow

epiphyseal line

remnant of epiphyseal plate after growth ends

epiphyseal plate

growth plate of hyaline cartilage in growing bones

ethmoid bone

forms nasal cavity roof medial orbit wall and part of nasal septum

external acoustic meatus

opening in temporal bone that leads to ear canal

external occipital protuberance

bony bump on occipital bone for ligament attachment

facial bones

maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, and inferior nasal conchae bones forming face

flat bone

thin flattened bone often curved

fontanelles

soft spots in infant skull where cranial bones are not yet fused

foramen

hole in a bone allowing passage of nerves and blood vessels

foramen magnum

large opening in occipital bone where spinal cord connects to brain

foramen ovale

sphenoid opening for trigeminal nerve branch passage

foramen spinosum

sphenoid opening for middle meningeal artery passage

fossa

shallow depression in a bone surface

fracture

break in a bone

frontal bone

forms forehead superior orbit and contains frontal sinus

hematopoiesis

production of blood cells

hyoid bone

U-shaped bone in neck that does not articulate with other bones and supports tongue

inferior nasal concha

curved bone projecting into nasal cavity that increases airflow turbulence

intervertebral disc

fibrocartilage pad between vertebrae providing cushioning and flexibility

intervertebral foramen

opening between vertebrae allowing spinal nerve exit

kyphosis

excessive posterior curvature of thoracic spine

lacrimal bone

small bone forming medial orbit wall and tear drainage pathway

lordosis

excessive anterior curvature of lumbar spine

lumbar vertebrae

five lower back vertebrae labeled L1–L5

mandible

lower jaw bone and only movable skull bone

mandibular fossa

temporal bone depression where mandible articulates

mastoid process

temporal bone projection behind ear for muscle attachment

maxilla

upper jaw bone forming hard palate and orbit floor

meatus

tube-like passageway within a bone

mental foramen

opening in mandible for sensory nerve to chin

nucleus pulposus

gel-like center of intervertebral disc that resists compression

occipital bone

posterior skull bone forming foramen magnum and articulation with spine

occipital condyles

rounded structures on occipital bone that articulate with atlas (C1)

olfactory foramina

small openings in cribriform plate for olfactory nerve fibers

optic canal

opening in sphenoid bone allowing optic nerve passage

orbital bones

frontal maxilla zygomatic ethmoid lacrimal sphenoid and palatine bones forming eye socket

palatine bone

forms posterior hard palate and part of nasal cavity

paranasal sinuses

air-filled cavities in skull bones that lighten skull and aid voice resonance

parietal bones

paired bones forming superior and lateral skull

perpendicular plate of ethmoid

forms superior part of nasal septum

primary curvature

spinal curvatures present at birth thoracic and sacrococcygeal

process

bony projection used for muscle or ligament attachment

pterygoid process

sphenoid bone projection for chewing muscle attachment

ramus of mandible

vertical posterior portion of mandible

ribs

12 pairs of bones protecting thoracic organs and assisting breathing

sacrum

fused bone formed from five vertebrae connecting spine to pelvis

scoliosis

lateral abnormal curvature of vertebral column with rotation

secondary curvature

spinal curvatures developing after birth cervical and lumbar

sella turcica

depression in sphenoid bone housing pituitary gland

sphenoid bone

keystone bone of skull forming central base and many openings for nerves

sternum

breastbone in center of thorax

styloid process

thin temporal bone projection for muscle and ligament attachment

suture

immovable fibrous joint between skull bones

supraorbital foramen

opening above orbit for nerves and vessels

supraorbital margin

upper border of eye socket

superior orbital fissure

sphenoid opening allowing cranial nerves controlling eye movement to pass

supraspinous ligament

ligament connecting spinous processes of vertebrae

temporal bones

paired bones forming lateral skull and housing ear structures

thoracic cage

structure made of ribs and sternum protecting heart and lungs

thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae of mid-back labeled T1–T12

transverse process

lateral projection of vertebra for muscle attachment

vertebral arch

bony arch surrounding spinal cord in vertebra

vertebral canal

passageway formed by vertebrae containing spinal cord

vertebral column

flexible column of vertebrae and discs supporting body and protecting spinal cord

vertebral foramen

opening in vertebra for spinal cord passage

vomer

unpaired bone forming inferior posterior nasal septum

xiphoid process

small inferior tip of sternum

zygomatic arch

bridge formed by temporal and zygomatic bones forming cheek structure

zygomatic bone

cheekbone forming lateral orbit and facial prominence