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Describe how to do a flame test.
Pass nicrome wire through flame to sterilise it
Dip it into metal ion solution
List all the positive metal ions used in the flame tests and their positive results.
Lithium (Li+) - crimson
Sodium (Na+) - yellow
Potassium (K+) - lilac
Calcium (Ca2+) - orange-red
Copper (Cu2+) - green
If a sample contains a mixture of metal ions, a flame test may be inconclusive. Why?
Metal ion that is in highest conc. may mask others
How do you perform the positive metal hydroxides tests?
Add sodium hydroxide to metal ion solution
Precipitate produced
List all of the positive metal ions used in the sodium hydroxides tests and the coloured precipitate they produce.
Aluminum (Al3+) - white
Magnesium (Mg2+) - white
Calcium (Ca2+) - white
Copper (Cu2+) - blue
Iron (Fe2+) - green
Iron (Fe3+) - brown
What is the half equation for the production of copper hydroxide?
Cu2+ + 2OH- → Cu(OH)2
What is the half equation for the production of aluminium hydroxide?
Al3+ + 3OH- → Al(OH)3
What is the half equation for the production of magnesium hydroxide?
Mg2+ + 2OH- → Mg(OH)2
What is the half equation for the production of calcium hydroxide?
Ca2+ + 2OH- → Ca(OH)2
What is the half equation for the production of iron (II) hydroxide?
Fe2+ + 2OH- → Fe(OH)2
What is the half equation for the production of iron (III) hydroxide?
Fe3+ + 3OH- → Fe(OH)3
When you add excess NaOH to an ____________ ion solution, the precipitate formed ___________.
aluminium
dissolves
How do you perform the halides tests for negative metal ions?
Add dilute nitric acid + silver nitrate
precipitate produced
Why can’t hydrochloric acid be used for the halide ion tests?
Contains chlorine
Would react + produce precipitate
List the negative halide ions and the colour of the precipitate produced for the halide ion tests.
Bromine (Br-) - cream
Chlorine (Cl-) - white
Iodine (I-) - yellow
How do you perform the test for sulfate ions?
Add hydrochloric acid + barium chloride
White precipitate
Carbonates react with ________ _____ to form _______ _______ gas.
dilute acids
carbon dioxide
What are 2 examples of instrumental methods?
Gas chromatography
Flame emission spectroscopy
Why are instrumental methods better than chemical tests? (4)
They are:
sensitive
quantitative
accurate
rapid
How do you perform flame emission spectroscopy?
Sample put into flame and light given out passed through spectroscope
Output is line spectrum — can be analysed to identify metal ions in solution + measure their concentrations