Bio 181 Exam 2

Organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy are called

A)autotrophs

B) heterotrophs

C) oligotrophs

D)chemotrophs

Autotrophs

Organisms that depend on the energy stored in chemical bonds by other organisms for their food energy are called?

A) autotrophs

B)heterotrophs

C)oligotrophs

D) chemotrophs

heterotrophs

In animals that take in oxygen from their environment, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water in a process called

A)anaerobic respiration

B)organic compund respiration

C)glucose respiration

D)aerobic respiration

organic compund respiration

In glycolysis, a major portion of the energy remains in the final product, which is called

A)pyruvate

B)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

C)citrate

D)glucose

pyruvate

All of the reactions of cellular respiration that occur after glycolysis take place in what part of the eukaryotic cell

A)the cytoplasm

B)the plasma membrane

C) the mitochondria

D)the nucleus

E)the chloroplast

the mitochondria

What stage of cellular respiration can occur in human cells with or without oxygen present

A) the Kreb's cycle

B) glycolysis

C)the electron transport chain

D)pyruvate oxidation

glycolysis

When oxygen is unavailable during heavy exercise what process do muscle cells use for energy generation

A)glycolysis coupled with alcohol fermentation

B) anaerobic respiration

C) aerobic respiration

D)glycolysis coupled with lactate fermentation

glycolysis coupled with lactate fermentation

How and where is ATP made in a eukaryotic cell

A)ATP is only made in the mitochondria in response to chemiosmosis

B)ATP is made in all comparments of the cell in response to endergonic reactions and is used to drive exergonic reactions in the cell.

C)ATP can be made by direct phosphorylation of ADP in the cytoplasm, and by an enzyme complex that uses the energy from a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.

D)ATP can be made by an enzyme complex that uses the energy of protons moving down their concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytoplasm to make the ATP.

ATP can be made by direct phosphorylation of ADP in the cytoplasm, and by an enzyme complex that uses the energy from a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.

If you take into account the amount of ATP generated by ATP synthase per molecule of NADH produced in aerobic respiration, the net number of ATP molecules produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, and the fact that NADH molecules produced in the cytoplasm have to be transported into the mitochondria, what is the predicted energy yield of glycolysis in eukaryotic cells?

A) 2 ATP

B)5 ATP

C)7 ATP

D)32 ATP

5 ATP

This process is common to all living cells

A)glycolysis

B) alcohol fermentation

C)the Kreb's cycle

D)electron transport chain reactions

E) pyruvate oxidation

glycolysis

What is an end-product of glycolysis

A) oxaloacetate

B)NAD+

C) alcohol

D)ADP

E)pyruvate

pyruvate

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur in eukaryotic cells?

A)in the cytoplasm

B)in the nucleus

C)in the Golgi body

D)in the mitochondria

E)in the plasma membrane

in the mitochondria

Arsenic poisoning can lead to organ failure and death. Though arsenic can inhibit or interfere with a number of cellular enzymes, arsenic poisoning is thought to be mainly due to indirect inhibition of enzymes involved in both pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle. As a result, this compound must be able to enter what cellular compartment

A) the endoplasmic reticulum

B)the mitochondrial matrix

C)the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

D) the nucleus

E) the cytoplasm

the mitochondrial matrix

What are the products of one turn of the Krebs cycle?

A)1 CO2, 2 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

B)2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

C) 2 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

D) 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

What happens to the oxygen that is used in cellular respiration?

A)It is converted to carbon dioxide.

B) It is used to make glucose

C) It is used to make Krebs cycle intermediates

D) It is reduced to form water

It is reduced to form water

As electrons move along the electron transport chain, they lose potential energy. How is the energy that is released used by the cell?

A)The energy is used to pump NAD+ into the cytoplasm so it can be used in glycolysis

B)The energy is converted directly into ATP.

C)The energy is used to pump electrons along the electron transport chain

D)The energy is used to transport protons against their concentration gradient.

The energy is used to transport protons against their concentration gradient.

The energy released in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is used to transport protons where?

A)into the cytoplasm

B) into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

C) into the endoplasmic reticulum

D) into the nucleus

E)into the mitochondrial matrix

into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

Regardless of the electron or hydrogen acceptor used, one of the products of fermentation is always

A)pyruvate

B)NAD+

C)ATP

D) ADP

NAD+

Why is the energy generated from the catabolism of sugars and other macromolecules ultimately harnessed to generate ATP

A)ATP is required to generate the proton gradient in the intermembrane space of mitochondria.

B)ATP synthesis is an exergonic reaction

C)ATP can be used to make RNA, which is an energy storage molecule in the cell

D)ATP can be used by cells to drive endergonic reactions

ATP can be used by cells to drive endergonic reactions

When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that

A) NADH is converted into NAD+ plus a proton

B)ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

C)ATP is converted into ADP plus a phophate group

D)NAD+ is converted into NADH

ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

What is the net number of ATP generated directly during glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

A)0

B)2

C)4

D)6

E)8

2

What is the oxidized form of the most common electron carrier that is needed for both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

A) ATP

B)FAD

C)pyruvate

D)NAD+

NAD+

Phosphofructokinase is regulated by a number of factors, including high levels of ATP. Why is this enzyme regulated by ATP levels

A)If ATP levels are high, this provides a mechanism to directly inhibit the Krebs cycle, thus preventing further generation of NADH, FADH2 and ATP molecules that are not needed

B)If ATP levels are high, it is important to directly inhibit the reaction that commits the substrate to glycolysis to allow the substrate to be available for other reations, since the cell has ample energy.

C)If ATP levels are high, it is important to inhibit ATP synthase, and phosphofructokinase directly inhibits ATP synthase.

D)If ATP levels are high, this provides a mechanism to directly inhibit the electron transport chain, thus preventing the formation of a proton gradient in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

If ATP levels are high, it is important to directly inhibit the reaction that commits the substrate to glycolysis to allow the substrate to be available for other reations, since the cell has ample energy.

What aspect of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

A)the electron transport chain

B) the Krebs cycle

C)pyruvate oxidation

D)glycolysis

glycolysis

The energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and start a chemical reaction is called:

A)activation energy

B) free energy

C)kinetic energy

D)potential energy

activation energy

A particular reaction has a negative delta G (-DG). However, this reaction takes many years to proceed in the absence of enzyme. Why is this the case?

A)This reaction does not obey the second law of thermodynamics

B)This reaction does not proceed spontaneously

C)The initial free energy of the reactants is much less than the final free energy of the products.

D)A high amount of activation energy is required for the reaction to proceed

A high amount of activation energy is required for the reaction to proceed

The synthesis of sugar molecules through the process of photosynthesis requires energy absorbed from sunlight. Bearing this in mind, what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

A)exergonic

B)endergonic

C)catabolic

D) feedback

endergonic

A drug binds to the active site of an enzyme. If it is bound to the active site of the enzyme, it prevents substrate binding. This drug would be considered a

A)competitive inhibitor

B) allosteric activator

C) allosteric inhibitor

D)noncompetitive inhibitor

competitive inhibitor

Many metabolic pathways are ultimately concerned with ATP; either with the generation of ATP, or with the requirement of ATP for that pathway to function. Why is ATP so important to metabolism?

A)Hydrolysis of the bond between adenine and ribose in ATP is commonly used to release energy that can be used to drive other cellular reactions.

B)ATP is a protein that serves as the energy currency of cell.

C)The phosphate groups of ATP are held together by unstable bonds that can be broken to release energy.

D)Hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive exergonic reactions.

The phosphate groups of ATP are held together by unstable bonds that can be broken to release energy.

The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called

A)enzymology

B)metabolism

C) anabolism

D)catabolism

metabolism

When an atom or molecule gains one or more electrons, it is said to be:

A)oxidized

B)reduced

C)polarized.

D) energized

reduced

A current problem in modern medicine is the development of drug resistance mutations. This occurs when a mutation arises in a patient making him/her resistant to a drug and thus rendering the drug useless in treating a specific disease. Many useful drugs are competitive inhibitors of specific enzymes, and the drug-resistance mutations prevent the binding of the drug. These types of mutations, in addition to preventing competitive inhibitor binding, can also sometimes reduce the activity of the enzyme. Why is that the case?

A)These mutations most likely change the shape of the active site of the enzyme.

B)These mutations lower the activation energy of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme

C)These mutations most likely affect an allosteric site on the enzyme

D)Binding to the competitive inhibitor is essential for the function of the enzyme

These mutations most likely change the shape of the active site of the enzyme.

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactant is called the

A) substrate

B) catalyst

C)coenzyme

D) product

substrate

Metabolic reactions fall under two general categories: anabolic and catabolic. What type of chemical reactions are these two classes of metabolic reactions?

A)Anabolic reactions are exergonic reactions, whereas catabolic reactions are endergonic

B)Both anabolic and catabolic reactions are exergonic

C)Both anabolic and catabolic reactions are endergonic

D)Anabolic reactions are endergonic reactions, whereas catabolic reactions are exergonic.

Anabolic reactions are endergonic reactions, whereas catabolic reactions are exergonic.

A particular chemical reaction is exergonic. What can you say about the relationship between the reactants and the products in this exergonic reaction?

A)The reactants have more free energy than the products

B)The reactants are likely more disordered and products are likely more ordered.

C)The reactants cannot spontaneously react to generate the products

D)The reactants likely have lower enthalpy than the products.

The reactants have more free energy than the products

In a chemical reaction, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP yields 3-phosphoglycerate plus ATP. What is the delta G (DG) for this reaction?

A)greater than zero

B) less than zero

C)equal to zero

D) cannot be determined

less than zero

You return home to find that your baby brother has scattered his toy trains and trucks all over the floor of your room. As you begin to pick up the toys and put them away, you realize that even though he is just a baby, he has clearly mastered:

A)the first law of thermodynamics

B)the second law of thermodynamics

C)potential energy

D) free energy

the second law of thermodynamics

If the delta G of a reaction was -31.45 kJoules, you would know that

A)The products have more free energy than the reactants

B) The reaction required an energy input of 31.45 kJoules to proceed.

C)The reaction most likely leads to the development of a more ordered system.

D)The reaction is spontaneous.

The reaction is spontaneous.

Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss of

A)atoms.

B)neutrons

C)electrons

D)molecules

electrons

Energy is defined as

A) movement.

B)change

C)the capacity to do work

D)heat

the capacity to do work

The amount of energy available to do work is called

A)activation energy

B)free energy

C)kinetic energy

D)potential energy

free energy

Based on the graph, what are the optimal temperatures for the human enzyme and hotsprings prokaryote enzymes?

A)The optimal temperature for the human enzyme is 40 degrees C. The optimal temperature for the hotsprings prokaryote enzyme is 72 degrees C.

B)The optimal temperature for the human enzyme is 35 degrees C. The optimal temperature for the hotsprings prokaryote enzyme is 65 degrees C

C)The optimal temperature for the human enzyme is 46 degrees C. The optimal temperature for the hotsprings prokaryote enzyme is 79 degrees C

D)The optimal temperature for the human enzyme is 30 degrees C. The optimal temperature for the hotsprings prokaryote enzyme is 60 degrees C.

The optimal temperature for the human enzyme is 40 degrees C. The optimal temperature for the hotsprings prokaryote enzyme is 72 degrees C.

A molecule that closely resembles the shape of a substrate for an enzyme would most likely serve as a:

A)noncompetitive inhibitor

B)allosteric inhibitor

C)competitive inhibitor

D)allosteric activato

competitive inhibitor

Hexokinase is an enzyme that binds specifically to glucose and converts it into glucose 6-phosphate. The activity of hexokinase is suppressed by glucose 6-phosphate, which binds to hexokinase at a location that is distinct from the active site. This is an example of what?

A)Allosteric activation

B)cofactor binding

C) competitive inhibition

D)noncompetitive inhibition

E)feedback inhibition

feedback inhibition

The Law of Thermodynamics that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed is

A)The First Law of Thermodynamics

B)The Second Law of Thermodynamics

C)The Third Law of Thermodynamics

D)The Fourth Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The Law of Thermodynamics that states that increases in entropy are favored is

A)The First Law of Thermodynamics

B)The Second Law of Thermodynamics

C) The Third Law of Thermodynamics

D)The Fourth Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

When the substrate is bound to the enzyme, the shape of the enzyme may change slightly, leading to:

A) more permanent binding through intimate total contact

B)a greater supply of activation energy

C)a great range of possible catalytic activities

D)an induced fit

an induced fit

In order to reuse an enzyme after the conclusion of an enzyme catalyzed reaction, what must occur?

A) the enzyme has to decrease entropy

B) the enzyme has to separate itself from the product

C) changes into an active form

D)the enzyme has to be resynthesized

the enzyme has to separate itself from the product

You are working with a specific enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the lab. You are a very careful experimentalist, and as a result, at the beginning of each of your experiments, you measure the temperature in the lab. On days 1 through 5, the temperature in the lab was 20oC. Today is day 6 of your experiment, and the temperature in the lab is 30oC. How do you predict that this will alter the rate of your enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

A)It will decrease the rate

B)It will increase the rate

C) It could possibly increase or decrease the rate

D)it will not affect the rate

It could possibly increase or decrease the rate

In an experiment described in a chemistry lab book, the directions state that after mixing two chemicals (A and B) and waiting 5 minutes that A will be oxidized. This means that:

A) chemical A has gained electrons from chemical B

B)chemical A has gained energy in the form of heat from chemical B.

C)chemical A has lost electrons to chemical B

D)chemical A has lost energy in the form of heat to chemical B

chemical A has lost electrons to chemical B

Enzyme 1 converts substrate A into product B. Is this an example of a metabolic pathway?

A)Yes. This is a metabolic pathway that includes feedback inhibition.

B)No. This only describes one chemical reaction. A metabolic pathway includes multiple chemical reactions.

C)Yes. This is a simple metabolic pathway

D)No. A metabolic pathway must include an inhibitory step

No. This only describes one chemical reaction. A metabolic pathway includes multiple chemical reactions.

It is summer, and you are excited about going to your local amusement park, and specifically about riding the new roller coaster that was just built. You imagine waiting at the top of the stairs for the roller coaster to pull into the station, climbing into the car, strapping yourself into the seatbelt, and pulling down the harness. You can imagine the cars slowly chugging up to the top of the first hill, coming down on the other side, and the excitement you expect to feel as you go along for the ride. Of all of the things that you have imagined, which is an example of potential energy?

A)Waiting at the top of the stairs for the roller coaster to pull into the station

B) Climbing into the car

C) Pulling down the harness

D)The roller coaster car going up the first hill

Waiting at the top of the stairs for the roller coaster to pull into the station

What is the net movement of substances to regions of lower concentration called?

A) osmosis

B)active transport

C)free energy

D) facilitation

E)diffusion

diffusion

If a cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as its outside environment, the cell's condition is referred to as being

A)isotonic

B) hypertonic

C) hypotonic

D)hydrophobic

isotonic

A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as

A)osmosis

B)diffusion.

C) facilitated transport

D)active transport.

active transport.

How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment?

A)The hydrophobic heads are oriented toward each other and the hydrophilic tails are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracelllar fluid.

B)The hydrophilic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophobic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.

C)The hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid

D)The hydrophilic heads are oriented towards each other and the hydrophobic tails are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid

The hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid

If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called

A)isotonic

B) hypertonic

C) hypotonic

D) osmosis.

hypotonic

The type of movement that is specific and requires carrier molecules and energy is

A) exocytosis.

B)facilitated diffusion

C)active transport.

D)endocytosis.

active transport.

In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used with the result that

A)3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter

B)2 sodium ions enter and 1 potassioum ion leaves.

C)2 sodium ions leave and 1 potassium ion enters.

D)3 sodium ions enter and 2 potassium ions leave

3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter

Cholesterol functions in the plasma membrane to

A)transport ions.

B) maintain hypertension.

C)mediate steroid action

D)maintain fluidity

maintain fluidity

For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must

A)move from areas of low concentration to areas of higher concentration until an equilibrium is reached.

B)remain stationary until their molecular motion allows for an equilibrium to be reached

C)move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until facilited transport can assist the molecular equilibrium.

D)move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached.

move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached.

Facilitated diffusion is an important method for cells in obtaining necessary molecules and removing other ones. Requirements for facilitated diffusion include

A)The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient.

B)The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient.

C)The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always against the concentration greadient, never with the gradient

D)The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported and an ATP molecule must be attached to the specific carrier. The direction of movement is always against the concentration gradient, never with the gradient.

The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient.

What is the main component of an animal cell membrane?

A) phospholipids

B)polynucleotides

C)aquaporins

D)glycolipids

phospholipids

What initiates the sodium-potassium pump?

A)Three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the protein.

B)Three sodium ions are translocated out of the cell.

C)Phosphorylated pump has low affinity for sodium allowing sodium to leave and potassium to bind.

D)Two potassium ions are transported into the cell.

Three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the protein.

When the solute concentration of solution A is lower than the solute concentration of solution B, solution A is considered

A) hypotonic

B)hypertonic.

C)isotonic.

D)hyperbaric

hypotonic

The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called

A) phospholipids

B)proteins

C)fats

D)carbohydrates

phospholipids

Which type of proteins is embedded in the cell membrane in both active transport and facilitated transport?

A) carrier

B) cytoskeletal

C)structural

D)targeted

carrier

Osmosis occurs as water can cross the lipid bilayer through specialized channels for water movement called

A) aquaporins

B)transmembrane carbohydrates

C)membrane pores

D)proteins

aquaporins

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with

A)nucleotides.

B)polymers.

C)carbohydrates.

D)proteins

proteins

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the

A)cells

B) compartments

C) membranes

D)solutes

solutes

Osmosis occurs as water can cross the lipid bilayer through specialized channels for water movement called

A)aquaporins

B)membrane pores

C)transmembrane carbohydrates

D)proteins

aquaporins

Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water, because they possess long stretches of non-polar amino acids that are

A)too long to interact with the water molecules

B)hydrophobic

C)are transmembranal

D)hydrophilic

hydrophobic

Which of the following protein classes are not found as membrane proteins?

A) transport channels

B)hormones

C)receptors

D) enzymes

hormones

The movement of substances to regions of lower concentration is called

A)active transport

B)pinocytosis

C)diffusion.

D)pumping

diffusion.

Carrier-mediated transport is also called

A)facilitated diffusion

B) active transport

C) exocytosis

D)endocytosis

facilitated diffusion

Osmosis can only occur if water travels through the

A)ER

B) vacuole

C)semi-permeable membrane

D)cell wall

semi-permeable membrane

The type of movement that is specific and requires carrier molecules and energy is

A)endocytosis

B)active transport

C)facilitated diffusion

D) exocytosis

active transport

A scientist performs an experiment in which they create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. They inject a 5M solution of glucose into the cell and then place the cell into a beaker containing 10M glucose. What effect do you expect to observe

A) No net change in cell weight

B)Water moves into the cell

C) Glucose moves into the cell

D)Water moves out of the cell

Water moves out of the cell

Three (3) eggs are boiled and all weigh 2g. The eggs are placed in a 15% solution of NaCl and reweighed after 30 minutes.

A)Egg 2

B)Egg 3

C)None of the eggs

D)All of the eggs

Egg 3

Three (3) eggs are boiled and all weigh 2g. The eggs are placed in a 15% solution of NaCl and reweighed after 30 minutes.

A)Egg 1

B)Egg 2

C)Egg 3

D) None of the eggs

Egg 2

Three (3) eggs are boiled and all weigh 2g. The eggs are placed in a 15% solution of NaCl and reweighed after 30 minutes.

A)hypertonic

B) tonicity

C)isotonic

D) hypotonic

hypertonic

Kevin is studying how the protein transferrin enters cells. He examines cells that have taken up transferrin, and finds clathrin-coated vesicles. What mechanism was used to take transferrin into the cell?

A) phagocytosis

B)pinocytosis

C)exocytosis

D)receptor-mediated endocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from?

A. Sunlight

B. Carbon dioxide

C. Water

D. NADPH

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide and water can combine to form glucose, water and oxygen. What is required for that process to occur?

A. Nothing, this is a spontaneous reaction

B. Energy from the process of cellular respiration

C. Light energy from the sun

D. Mitochondria

Light energy from the sun

Inside the chloroplast, where are organic molecules made?

A. Stroma

B. Thylakoid membrane

C. Between the outer and inner membranes

D. Inside the thylakoid

Stroma

The splitting of water and the generation of oxygen occur where?

A. Photosystem I

B. The Krebs Cycle

C. The Calvin Cycle

D. Photosystem II

Photosystem 2

At night, the Calvin cycle:

A. cannot run, as it requires light energy directly

B. can still run as long as there is ATP, CO2, and NADPH present

C. runs in a different place in the plant

D. uses a different source of carbon

Can still run as long as there ATP, CO2 and NADPH present

In eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside the ________.

A. chloroplasts

B. mitochondria

C. cytoplasm

D. Golgi apparatus

Chloroplasts

Clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigments are called ________.

A. the Golgi apparatus

B. chloroplasts

C. photosystems

D. photosynthetic membranes

Photosystems

As electrons travel from the primary electron acceptor in photosystem II, down the electron transport chain to photosystem I, they drive the movement of protons from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment. Why is the development of this chemical gradient useful to photosynthesis?

A. protons are directly used in the thylakoid to make glucose

B. protons provide the energy needed to drive the light-dependent reactions

C. the proton gradient can drive the production of ATP, which is needed for the light-independent reactions

D. this proton gradient is used to make NADPH, which is needed for the Calvin cycle

the proton gradient can drive the production of ATP, which is needed for the light-independent reactions

In photosynthesis, carbon fixation occurs:

A. in photosystem I

B. in the electron transport chain

C. in photosystem II

D. in the Calvin cycle

E. during photorespiration

in the calvin cycle

If the gene encoding the enzyme rubisco is mutated such that it is non-functional, the process that would be affected is

A. the ability to make ATP.

B. the ability to harvest photons.

C. the ability to fix carbon.

D. the ability to make O2.

E. The ability to make NADPH.

the ability to fix carbon

Most plants incorporate carbon dioxide into sugars by means of a cycle of reactions called the:

A. CAM cycle.

B. carbon cycle.

C. Calvin cycle.

D. Krebs cycle.

Calvin Cycle

Flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis are called:

A. chloroplasts.

B. photosystems.

C. the stroma.

D. thylakoids.

E. cristae.

Thylakoids

For photosynthesis in green plants, the electron donor for the light dependent reaction is:

A. carbon dioxide.

B. oxygen.

C. RuBP.

D. chlorophyll II.

E. water.

Water

In the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, CO2 is added to a five-carbon molecule known as:

A. cellulose.

B. ribose.

C. deoxyribose.

D. RuBP.

E. CAM

RuBP

Light consists of units of energy called

A. electrons.

B. photons.

C. calories.

D. neutrons.

E. pigments.

Photons

Visible light has a wavelength range of:

A. 400-700 nanometers.

B. 200-800 nanometers.

C. 200-740 nanometers.

D. 200-400 nanometers.

E. 0.001-100,000 nanometers

400-700 nanometers

Molecules that absorb light are called:

A. enzymes.

B. electron carriers.

C. pigments.

D. photosynthesizers.

E. absorbers.

Pigments

The photosystem channels the excitation energy gathered by absorption of light by any one of the pigment molecules to a specific reaction center chlorophyll, which in turn passes the energy to:

A. photosystem I.

B. photosystem II.

C. the primary electron acceptor.

D. the secondary electron center.

E. cytochrome.

The primary electron acceptor