Geography Year 8 Formative Assessment Review Guide

A set of flashcards covering key geographical concepts, population trends, and their implications as discussed in the lecture notes.

What is population density?

The number of people living per unit area.

What occurs during natural increase?

When births exceed deaths.

How is fertility rate measured?

By the average number of children per woman.

What is the global annual population growth rate?

About 1.1% per year.

What is the replacement fertility rate?

Around 2.1 children per woman.

Why is the replacement fertility rate slightly above 2.0?

To account for child mortality and sex imbalances.

Why do high-fertility nations like Ethiopia often lack family planning?

Due to cultural and economic factors.

What arises when fertility falls below replacement levels?

Aging populations.

What does population distribution reflect?

Where people choose to live, often in fertile or temperate areas.

What does urbanization mean?

More people moving into cities for jobs and opportunities.

What event boosted the UK's urban population during the Industrial Revolution?

Factory work.

Which large nations show similar urban growth trends to the UK?

China and India.

Along which geographical features do Europe and Asia meet?

Ural Mountains, Caspian Sea, and Black Sea.

What is the largest geographical feature in Asia?

The Arabian Peninsula.

Which country spans two continents with more land in Asia?

Russia.

What factors shape how we define political and cultural borders?

Political and cultural factors.

How does climate affect settlement?

Harsh deserts or cold tundra limit large populations.

Why is Egypt’s Nile Delta densely populated?

Due to its fertile farmland.

What kind of regions attract more people?

Warmer regions with arable soil.

What can physical geography do to population growth?

It can encourage or restrict it.

What powers industries but contributes to pollution?

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas).

What does competition for resources sometimes lead to?

Conflicts over oil or water.

What does sustainability involve?

Meeting present needs without harming future generations.

What can overuse of resources create?

Waste problems and habitat destruction.

How many people does Asia have?

Over 4.6 billion people.

What percentage of Earth’s population does Asia account for?

About 60%.

Which two countries account for more than half of Asia’s total population?

China and India.

Which religions span the continent of Asia?

Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism.

What economic contrasts are found in Asia?

From oil-rich states in West Asia to poorer rural areas in South Asia.

What is the height of Mt. Everest?

About 8,845 meters.

What is the Tibetan Plateau also known as?

The 'roof of the world'.

What do glaciers in the highlands feed?

Major Asian rivers.

Which mountain ranges are neighbors to the Himalayas?

Kunlun, Qilian, Alborz, and Zagros.

What types of deserts does Asia feature?

Hot deserts like the Thar and cold deserts like the Gobi.

What do the Ganges and Indus rivers support?

Large-scale farming.

Why is the Mekong important?

It aids agriculture and trade.

What roles do rivers play in society?

For irrigation, transport, and cultural traditions.

What is unique about the Caspian Sea?

It is the largest lake by area and slightly salty with no outlet.

Which countries border the Caspian Sea?

Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan.

What types of waters influence climate and trade?

The Arabian Sea, South China Sea, and Sea of Okhotsk.

Why do less developed nations have higher fertility?

Due to limited education and family planning.

What can rapid population expansion strain?

Infrastructure and resources.

What trends are seen in developed nations?

Lower birth rates and higher life expectancy.

What drives rural-to-urban migration worldwide?

Economic opportunities in cities.

What characterized the UK's population trends historically?

Most people farmed, and growth was slow.

What spurred rapid urbanization in the UK?

The Industrial Revolution.

What demographic trend is observed in the UK today?

Lower birth and death rates, slowing natural increase.

What does an aging population require?

More healthcare and retirement support.

What is the typical replacement fertility rate?

2.1 children per woman.

How does high fertility in places like Ethiopia contrast with developed countries?

It is typically higher in less developed regions.

What is geographically key in Asia?

The Arabian Peninsula.

What environmental impact does fossil fuel use cause?

Drives pollution.

What do rivers like the Ganges and Indus sustain?

Agriculture.

What is a critical factor in the aging populations in developed nations?

Higher life expectancy.

What historical phase caused urbanization in the UK?

Industrial Revolution.

What demographic challenges come with an aging population?

Increased demand for healthcare services.

What often drives urban migration?

Job opportunities.

What is a major factor influencing settlement in harsh climates?

Population limits due to environmental conditions.

How do economic disparities manifest across Asia?

From wealth in oil-rich regions to poverty in rural areas.

What contributes to cultural and political divisions between nations?

Borders defined by historical and political factors.

What type of regions often have fertile soil?

Temperate and warmer regions.

What is the relationship between urbanization and economic opportunities?

Urbanization tends to increase with more job availability.

How do glaciers impact the economy in their regions?

They provide water resources for irrigation.

What is a significant result of industrial growth in urban areas?

Increased population density.

How can environmental degradation affect human settlements?

By limiting available resources.

What challenges do developing countries face with rapid urbanization?

Strain on infrastructure.

What is the significance of the Himalayas in Asia?

They contain the highest peak, Mt. Everest.

Why are resources like oil considered contentious?

They can lead to conflicts between nations.

What role does education play in population control?

It can reduce fertility rates in developing nations.

What does the Fertility Rate indicate about a region?

Average number of children born to a woman.

What population trend is observed in aging societies?

Lower birth rates and increased life expectancy.

What does the term 'urbanization' imply socially?

Migration of people to cities for better opportunities.

How does geography influence economic activity in Asia?

By determining resource availability and trade routes.

What mechanisms support agriculture in river valleys?

Irrigation systems fed by river systems.

What are the implications of overusing natural resources?

Environmental degradation and scarcity.

How can cultural differences impact population policies?

Through varying attitudes towards family planning.

What is the relationship between population growth and economic development?

Faster growth can pressure resources.

How does climate change affect human geography?

By altering habitat suitability and resource distribution.

What historical event led to the UK's shift towards urbanization?

The Industrial Revolution.

What type of geography might attract population growth?

Regions with fertile lands and favorable climates.

How does an aging population influence healthcare needs?

Higher demand for medical care and support.