Science Reviewer

Graduated cylinder

Instrument used to measure volume of liquids.

Bunsen burner

Lab heating device that makes controlled high-temperature flames using flammable gas & air.

Base (Bunsen burner)

Wide stand that keeps burner steady & stops tipping.

Nozzle

Opening where flammable gas enters the burner.

Chimney/Barrel

Tube where gas & air mix together.

Gas valve

Controls how much gas flows into the chimney.

Collar

Movable part that adjusts how much air mixes with gas.

Air hole

Opening letting air pass into the chimney.

Mouth

Top opening where gas-air mixture comes out & ignites into flame.

Spring / Newton balance

Weighing tool with spring that measures weight.

Hook

Part used to hang objects to be weighed.

Hooke’s Law

Principle: how much spring stretches matches the force/weight pulling it.

Particle Model of Matter

Model explaining matter’s behavior using tiny particles.

Solid

State; particles tightly packed, fixed shape/arrangement.

Liquid

State; particles close, free to slide, fixed volume no fixed shape.

Gas

State; particles far apart, move freely, no fixed shape/volume.

Particles

Tiny building blocks: atoms or molecules.

Atoms

Smallest basic units of matter.

Attractive forces

Pull holding particles together.

Triple-beam balance

Mechanical, reliable lab tool with platform & 3 beams used to measure mass.

Equilibrium

Balanced state when balance stops swinging.

Top-loading balance

Electronic weighing tool with platform, digital display & buttons.

Leveling bubble

Part that helps set balance on flat, even surface.

Microscope

Lab equipment that magnifies tiny objects to see fine details.

Magnify

Make small objects appear larger.

Micrometer scale

Extremely small size range of objects microscopes view.

Plasma

Fourth state of matter.

Bose-Einstein condensate

Fifth state of matter.

Definite shape & volume

Keeps fixed form & size on its own.

Strong attractive forces

Tight pull holding solid particles together.

Incompressible

Cannot be squeezed into smaller volume.

High density

Lots of matter packed into a given space.

Kinetic energy

Energy of movement; solid particles have lowest kinetic energy.

Temperature increase

Makes particles move faster & spread further apart.

Weak attractive forces

Loose pull between liquid particles; weakest in gases.

Compressible

Easily squeezed smaller; gases highly compressible, solids/liquids almost not.

Spread out

Gas particles move apart to fill all available space.

Definite volume

Fixed size/amount; solids & liquids have it, gases do not.

Moderate density

Medium mass per space; typical of liquids.

Low density

Little mass per space; typical of gases.

Physical Change

Change in size, shape, texture, color or state; substance stays the same, no new substance made.

Composition

What makes up the substance; does not alter during physical change.

Change in physical state

Switching between solid, liquid, gas form; still the same substance.

Melting

Solid absorbs heat → turns into liquid.

Evaporation

Liquid absorbs heat → turns into gas/vapor.

Sublimation

Solid absorbs heat → turns straight into gas (no liquid stage).

Freezing

Liquid loses heat → turns into solid.

Condensation

Gas loses heat → turns into liquid.

Absorption of heat

Taking in heat; particles move faster & spread apart.

Release of heat

Giving off heat; particles slow down & move closer together.

Element

Pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

Deposition

Gas cools & turns directly into solid; skips liquid stage (example: snowflakes forming).

Chemical Change

Through chemical reaction, one substance turns into new, different substance with totally different traits.

Signs of chemical change

Change in color, odor, taste, temperature rise/drop, or gas forming.

Solution

Homogeneous mixture made of solute dissolved in solvent.

Solute

Substance that gets dissolved; usually present in smaller amount.

Solvent

Substance that does the dissolving; usually present in larger amount.

Universal solvent

Water; dissolves more substances than any other liquid.

Concentration

Amount of solute present in a certain amount of solvent/solution.

Classifications by saturation

Unsaturated, saturated.