TOP - L2: Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis)

March 6 or May 6, 1856

When was Sigmund Freud born?

Freiberg, Moravia - Czech Republic

Where was Sigmund Freud born?

Jean-Martin Charcot

In 1885, he received a traveling grant from the University of Vienna and decided to study in Paris with this famous French neurologist.

• He spent 4 months with this neurologist, from whom he learned the hypnotic technique for treating hysteria.

Hysteria

A disorder typically characterized by paralysis or the improper functioning of certain parts of the body.

Joseph Breuer

While still a medical student, Freud developed a close professional association and a personal friendship with _____, a well-known Viennese physician 14 years older than Freud and a man of considerable scientific reputation.

Catharsis

The process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out.”

Free Association Technique

While using catharsis, Freud gradually and laboriously discovered the _____, which soon replaced hypnosis as his principal therapeutic technique.

Cocaine

Freud’s first opportunity to gain recognition came in 1884–1885 and involved his experiments with _______.

Male Hysteria

Freud’s second opportunity for achieving some measure of fame came in 1886 after he returned from Paris, where he had learned about _____ from Charcot.

• Depression

• Neurosis

• Psychosomatic ailments

• Intense preoccupation of creative activity

Freud was described to have:

• Interpretation of Dreams

• Studies on Hysteria

• Essays on the Theory of Sexuality

• and others

Famous works of Sigmund Freud

International Psychoanalytic Association

This association was founded by Sigmund Freud.

Carl Jung

The President of International Psychoanalytic Association.

Crown Prince / Man of the Future

Designations of Carl Jung

Goethe Prize

Freud was a good writer and won _______.

Americans

Freud disdains people of this particular nationality.

• Conscious

• Preconscious

• Unconscious

What are the States of Consciousness?

Conscious

Mental elements in awareness.

• Can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.

• It is the only level of mental life directly available to us.

Preconscious

Elements that are not conscious but can readily be brought to mind when needed.

• Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty.

Unconscious

Drives, urges and instincts that are beyond our awareness.

• contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.

Repression

The forcing of unwanted, anxiety-ridden experiences into the unconscious as a defense against the pain of that anxiety.

Phylogenetic Endowment

Inherited unconscious images.

• Conscious perception

• Unconscious

The contents of the preconscious come from two sources. What are they?

• Perceptual Conscious System

• Within the Mental Structure

Ideas can reach consciousness from two different directions. What are they?

Perceptual Conscious System

Is turned toward the outer world and acts as a medium for the perception of external stimuli.

• In other words, what we perceive through our sense organs, if not too threatening, enters into consciousness.

Within the mental structure

Includes nonthreatening ideas from the preconscious as well as menacing but well-disguised images from the unconscious.

Id

Exists completely on the unconscious level.

• A term derived from the impersonal pronoun meaning “the it,” or the not-yet-owned component of personality.

• Has no contact with reality, yet it strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires.

• Because its sole function is to seek pleasure, we say that it serves the pleasure principle.

Das Es

Latin for “the it”, the term derived for the id.

Ego

The only region of the mind in contact with reality.

• It grows out of the id during infancy and becomes a person’s sole source of communication with the external world.

• It is governed by the reality principle, which it tries to substitute for the pleasure principle of the id.

• The decision-making or executive branch of personality.

Das Ich

The Latin word used for Ego, the “I”.

Superego

Represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles.

• The superego grows out of the ego, and like the ego, it has no energy of its own.

• It has no contact with the outside world and therefore is unrealistic in its demands for perfection.

• Conscience

• Ego-Ideal

The two subsystems of the superego.

Conscience

Results from experiences with Punishments.

• Tells us what we should NOT do

Ego–Ideal

Develops from experiences with Rewards.

• Tells us what we SHOULD do

Dynamics of Personality

• Freud postulated a DYNAMIC, or motivational principle, to explain the driving forces behind people's actions.

• To Freud, people are motivated to seek pleasure and reduce tension ad anxiety

Trieb

A German word to refer to a drive or a stimulus within the person. Freud’s official translators rendered this term as instinct, but more accurately the word should be “drive” or “impulse.

Drives

Operate as a constant motivational force.

• Eros / Sex

• Thanatos / Aggression

Freud’s Dual Instinct Theory

Eros / Sex

Life instincts

• The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but this pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction.

• Freud believed that the entire body is invested with libido.

• Can take many forms including Narcissism, Love, Sadism, and Masochism

Erogenous zones

Besides the genitals, the mouth and anus are especially capable of producing sexual pleasure and are called _________.

Libido

Energy associated with all the life instincts.

• Each drive has its own form of psychic energy: Freud used the word _____ for the sex drive, but energy from the aggressive drive remains nameless.

Primary Narcissism

Infants are primarily self-centered, with their libido invested almost exclusively on their own ego. This condition, which is universal, is known as _________.

Secondary Narcissism

Moderate degree of self love of commonly everyone.

• Adolescents often redirect their libido back to the ego and become preoccupied with personal appearance and other self-interests.

Love

The second manifestation of Eros, develops when people invest their libido on an object or person other than themselves.

Sadism

Is the need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person.

Masochism

Is a common need, but it becomes a perversion when Eros becomes subservient to the destructive drive.

• Impetus

• Source

• Aim

• Object

What are the components of instincts?

Impetus

Amount of energy used to satisfy the impulse.

Source

Where the need arises, a deficiency of some kind (ex: hunger).

Aim

To seek pleasure and reduce the need / tension

Object

Experiences, objects, or actions that reduce body deficiency and allows satisfaction.

Aggression

• The aim of the destructive drive, according to Freud, is to return the organism to an inorganic state.

• Because the ultimate inorganic condition is death, the final aim of the aggressive drive is self-destruction.

• Can take into several forms such as gossip, humiliation, and the enjoyment of people's sufferings. It serves as the explanation for wars and religious persecutions

Anxiety

• A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger.

• ONLY the ego can produce or feel anxiety, but the id, superego, and external world each are involved in one of the three kinds.

Realistic

Unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger.

Neurotic

• Fear that the id’s impulses will overwhelm the ego.

• Punished externally by others.

Moral

• Fear of doing something contrary to the superego.

• Punished internally by guilt.

Defense Mechanisms

Ego's PURPOSE: to avoid dealing with sexual and aggressive implosives and to DEFEND itself against the ANXIETY that accompanies them.

Repression

The most basic defense mechanism; Whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it forces threatening feelings into the unconscious.

Reaction Formation

A repressed impulse may become conscious is through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form. Can be identified by its exaggerated character and by its obsessive and compulsive form

• Example: A young woman who deeply resents and hates her mother. Because she knows that society demands affection toward parents, such conscious hatred for her mother would produce too much anxiety. To avoid painful anxiety, the young woman concentrates on the opposite impulse—love. Her “love” for her mother, however, is not genuine.

Displacement

People can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed.

• Example: A woman who is angry at her roommate may displace her anger onto her employees, her pet cat, or a stuffed animal. She remains friendly to her roommate, but unlike the workings of a reaction formation, she does not exaggerate or overdo her friendliness

Fixation

When the prospect of taking the next step becomes too anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage.

• Example: People who continually derive pleasure from eating, smoking, or talking,

Regression

Once the libido has passed a developmental stage, it may, during times of stress and anxiety, revert back to that earlier stage.

• Example: To revert to earlier, safer, more secure patterns of behavior and to invest their libido onto more primitive and familiar objects. Under extreme stress one adult may adopt the fetal position.

Projection

Seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one’s own unconscious.

• Example: A man may consistently interpret the actions of older women as attempted seductions. Consciously, the thought of sexual intercourse with older women may be intensely repugnant to him, but buried in his unconscious is a strong erotic attraction to these women.

Introjection

A defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego.

• Example: an adolescent may adopt the mannerisms, values, or lifestyle of a movie star.

Sublimation

The repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim. Is expressed most obviously in creative cultural accomplishments such as art, music, and literature, but more subtly, it is part of all human relationships and all social pursuits.

• Example: Freud believed that the art of Michelangelo, who found an indirect outlet for his libido in painting and sculpting, was an excellent example of this defense mechanism.

Psychosexual Stages of Development

• ORAL - (0-1yr. old)

• ANAL - (2-3 yr. old)

• PHALLIC – (3-6 yr. old)

• LATENCY – (6-12yr. old)

• GENITAL - (12- 18 yr. old)

Oral Stage

Age: 0-1 y.o.

• Erogenous Zone: Mouth

• Oral Incorporative: Gullible (swallows anything he or she hears), good listener.

• Oral Aggressive: Nail biting, smoking, making biting remarks, sarcasm

Anal Stage

2 - 3 yrs

• Erogenous Zone: Anus, Sphincter muscle

• Anal Expulsive Character: Overly generous, messy

• Anal Retentive Character: Stinginess, orderliness, compulsively clean

Phallic Stage

3 - 6 yrs

• Erogenous Zone: Phallus / Genital

Terms to know:

• Penis Envy

• Oedipus Complex

• Castration Anxiety

Oedipus Complex

Affection towards the opposite sex parent, hostility for the same sex parent.

Penis Envy

Young girl’s desire to have a penis.

Castration Anxiety

Fear of losing the penis.

Latency Stage

6 - 12 yrs

• Erogenous Zone: None / Inactive

• For Freud, one’s personality is generally completed by this stage

Genital Stage

12 - 18 yrs

• Erogenous Zone: Genitals

• The final stage following puberty.

• Free Association Theory

• Dream Analysis

• Freudian Slips

• Humor

What are the applications of psychoanalytic theory?

Free Association Theory

Patients are required to verbalize every thought that comes to their mind, no matter how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear.

• To arrive at the unconscious by starting with a present conscious idea and following it through a train of associations to wherever it leads.

Transference

The strong sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or negative, that patients develop toward their analyst during the course of treatment

Negative Transference

The strong hostility towards the therapist.

Resistance

Refers to a variety of unconscious responses used by patients to block their own progress in therapy

Dream Analysis

To transform the manifest content of dreams to the more important latent content.

Manifest Content

The surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer.

Latent Content

The unconscious material given by the dreamer.

Freudian Slips

Freud believed that many everyday slips of the tongue or pen, misreading, incorrect hearing, misplacing objects, and temporarily forgetting names or intentions are not chance accidents but reveal a person’s unconscious intentions.

Parapraxes

Unconscious slips.

• They reveal the unconscious intention of the person: “They are not chance events but serious mental acts; they have a sense; they arise from the concurrent actions—or perhaps rather, the mutually opposing action—of two different intentions”