CIS Psych Test #1

empirical approach

An evidence based method that draws on observation and experimentation

Humility

Awareness of our vulnerability to error and openness to surprise a new perspectives

The scientific attitude

Three basic attitudes that help make modern science possible. Includes curiosity, skepticism, and humility.

Structuralism

To classify and understand elements of the mind structure.

An experiment done by Edward Bradford Tichenor, where he put objects in front of people and asked what types of feelings or sensations they had while looking at/listening to the objects.

Somewhat unreliable because it requires smart, verbal people, and the results buried from person to person and experience to experience

Functionalism

Going beyond labeling our inner thoughts and feelings by considering their evolved functions

Why does the nose smell in the ear hear?

Charles Darwin says it was adaptive

Mary Whiton Calkins

He joined Harvard in 1980

got privately taught because all men dropped out

Went on to be the first female president of the American psychological Association

Margaret Floy Washburn

The first woman to earn a PhD in psychology

Psychology

Defined as the science of mental life

Behaviorism

Science is rooted and observation

What you cannot observe and measure, you cannot scientifically study

You cannot observe a feeling or thought, but you can observe their behavior as they are conditioned

Freudian (phsychoanalytic) psychology

Seigmand Freud

Emphasizes the way our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior

humanistic psychology

Led by Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow, who found behaviorism and Freudian too limiting

Focuses on our growth potential needs for love and acceptance, and the environments that nurture or limit personal growth

Cognitive neuroscience

The cross between psychology and neuroscience

Natural selection

The process by which advantageous heritable traits become more common in a population overtime leading to adaptation and evolution

Evolutionary psychology

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

Behavior genetics

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Every psychological event (every thought and emotion) simultaneously a biological event therefore, depression can be both a brain disorder and a disorder

Culture

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions, shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Positive psychology

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

biopsychosocial approach

An integrated approach that incorporates biological psychological and social-cultural levels of analysis

levels of analysis

The differing complementary views from biological to psychological to social cultural for analyzing any given phenomenon

Neuroscience

Might study brain circuits that causes to be red in the face and hot under the collar

Evolutionary

Might analyze how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors genes

Behavior genetics

Might study how heredity and experience influence our individual differences in temperament

Psychodynamic

Might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility

Behavioral

Might attempt to determine what triggers aggressive acts

Cognitive

Might study how our interpretation of the situation affects our anger and how anger affects our thinking

Social cultural perspective

might explore how expressions of anger very across cultural contexts

Biological psychologists

Explore the links between the brain and the mind

Developmental psychologists

Studying or changing abilities from womb to tomb

Cognitive psychologists

Experimenting with how we perceive think and solve problems

Personality psychologists

Investigating our persistent traits

Social psychologists

Exploring how we view and affect each other

applied research

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Counseling psychology

A branch of psychology that assist people with problems in living (often related to school work or relationships) and in achieving a greater well-being

Clinical psychology

A branch of psychology, that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Psychiatry

a branch of medicine, dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who provide medical treatments as well as physical therapy

Community psychology

Studies, how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions (school schools and neighborhoods) affect individuals and groups

Hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have for seen it

Overconfidence

Tending and acting like we know more than we actually do

Superforecasters

Avoid overconfidence by gathering facts, balancing clashing arguments, and ultimately settling on an answer

Peer reviewers

scientific experts who evaluate a research artcile’s theory, originality and accuracy

theory

An explanation, using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Operational definition

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

replication

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic fine can be reproduced

Preregistration

Publicly communicating planned by study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analysis

Meta analysis

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Case study

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Naturalistic observation

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior and naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Random samples

Sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Population

All those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn

correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predict the other

Correlation efficient

A statistical index of the relationship between two things from -1 to +1

Experiment

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables)serve the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). By random, assignment of participants, the experiment of aims to control other relavent factors

experimental group

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Control group

in an experiment, the group not exposed to treatment

Random assignment

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing, pre-existing differences between the different groups

Double blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are blind about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

Placebo effect

Experimental results caused by expectations alone

Cofounding variable

in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence the studies results

Informed consent

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Debriefing

The post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose, and any deceptions to its participants

Testing effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also referred to as retrieval, practice effect or test enhanced learning.

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read , retrieve, review