Anatomy, Directional Terms, and Introductory Chemistry Flashcards

A comprehensive vocabulary review set covering human anatomical region landmarks, orientation directional terms, body planes, subatomic structures, chemical bonds, and types of chemical reactions.

Cephalic

Anatomical regional term referring to the head.

Orbital

Anatomical regional term referring to the eyes.

Buccal

Anatomical regional term referring to the cheeks.

Mental

Anatomical regional term referring to the chin.

Cervical

Anatomical regional term referring to the neck.

Sternal

Anatomical regional term referring to the central area of the chest overlying the sternum.

Axillary

Anatomical regional term referring to the armpits.

Inguinal

Anatomical regional term referring specifically to the groin area.

Pubic

Anatomical regional term referring specifically to the region of the external genitalia.

Acromial

Anatomical regional term referring to the shoulder.

Brachial

Anatomical regional term referring to the upper arm.

Antecubital

Anatomical regional term referring to the anterior (front) aspect of the elbow.

Olecranial

Anatomical regional term referring to the posterior (back) aspect of the elbow.

Antebrachial

Anatomical regional term referring to the forearm.

Carpal

Anatomical regional term referring to the wrist.

Metacarpal

Anatomical regional term referring to the back of the hand.

Palmar

Anatomical regional term referring to the front aspect (palm) of the hand.

Pollux

Anatomical regional term referring to the thumb.

Coxal

Anatomical regional term referring to the hip.

Femoral

Anatomical regional term referring to the thigh.

Patellar

Anatomical regional term referring to the front of the knee.

Popliteal

Anatomical regional term referring to the back of the knee.

Crural

Anatomical regional term referring to the front of the shin.

Sural

Anatomical regional term referring to the back of the calf.

Calcaneal

Anatomical regional term referring to the heel.

Hallux

Anatomical regional term referring to the big toe.

Plantar

Anatomical regional term referring to the bottom of the foot.

Otic

Anatomical regional term referring to the ears.

Occipital

Anatomical regional term referring to the back of the head.

Perineal

Anatomical regional term referring to the space between the anus and external genitalia.

Superior

Directional term meaning above or towards the upper part of the body.

Inferior

Directional term meaning below or towards the lower part of the body.

Anterior (Ventral)

Directional term meaning towards or at the front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Directional term meaning towards or at the back of the body.

Medial

Directional term meaning towards the midline of the body.

Lateral

Directional term meaning farther away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Directional term used for limbs meaning closer to the point of origin or attachment to the body trunk.

Distal

Directional term used for limbs meaning farther from the point of origin or attachment to the body trunk.

Superficial

Directional term meaning closer to the outer surface of the body.

Deep

Directional term meaning farther internal from the outer surface of the body.

Sagittal Plane

A body plane that divides the body vertically into right and left parts.

Midsagittal (Median) Plane

A sagittal plane that runs directly down the midline, dividing the body into equal left and right halves.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A body plane that divides the body vertically into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.

Transverse Plane

A body plane that divides the body horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions.

Right Hypochondriac Region

An abdominopelvic region located inferior to the ribs on the right side, containing the liver and gallbladder.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Kinetic Energy

Energy in action or put into motion.

Potential Energy

Stored energy that has the capacity to do work.

Protons

Subatomic particles located in the atomic nucleus that carry a positive charge and have an atomic mass unit of $1$.

Neutrons

Subatomic particles located in the atomic nucleus that carry no charge and have an atomic mass unit of $1$.

Electrons

Subatomic particles that carry a negative charge and have an arbitrary atomic mass unit of $0$.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons combined in an atom's nucleus.

Atomic Weight

The average mass numbers of all isotope forms of an atom.

Isotopes

Structural variations of an element containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Radioisotopes

Unstable isotopes that decompose to form more stable structures, emitting radiation in the process.

Mixture

Substance composed of components physically intermixed without chemical bonds, separable by physical means.

Compound

Substance composed of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bound together.

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture containing large particles that settle out over time, such as blood.

Octet Rule

Rule stating that atoms are most stable when their valence shell contains $8$ electrons, except shell 1 which holds $2$.

Valence Shell

The outermost electron shell of an atom involved in forming chemical bonds.

Ionic Bond

Chemical bond formed by the transfer of valence electrons between atoms, resulting in electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bond

Chemical bond formed when two or more atoms share valence electrons.

Polar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating partial positive and negative poles.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

Hydrogen Bond

Weak attractive force between an electropositive hydrogen atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule.

Reactants

The starting substances that undergo change in a chemical reaction.

Products

The resulting substances created at the conclusion of a chemical reaction.

Synthesis Reaction

An anabolic chemical reaction where smaller, simpler substances combine to form a larger, more complex molecule.

Decomposition Reaction

A catabolic chemical reaction where a complex molecule is broken down into smaller, simpler substances.

Exchange Reaction

A displacement reaction involving both synthesis and decomposition, where chemical bonds are both broken and formed.

Catalyst

A biological or physical agent (such as an enzyme) that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.