PSY312 Brain and behavior

What is Biopsychology?

A) The scientific study of how social interactions shape behavior

B) The scientific study of how cognitive processes influence decision-making

C) The scientific study of the biology of behavior

D) The scientific study of how cultural norms affect personality

C) The scientific study of the biology of behavior

What are the advantages of human subjects?

A) They are easier to control in laboratory settings and have simpler nervous systems

B) They can follow directions, report subjective experience, are less expensive, and have a human brain

· C) They have shorter lifespans and reproduce more quickly than other species

· D) They are more ethically acceptable to use in all types of research

B) They can follow directions, report subjective experience, are less expensive, and have a human brain

What are some advantages of Non-human subjects?

A) They can follow directions, report subjective experience, and are less expensive

· B) They have more complex brains and longer lifespans than humans

· C) They have similar nervous systems, allow for a comparative approach (compare rat brain to a human's), and have fewer ethical constraints

· D) They are more genetically diverse and harder to control in experiments

C) They have similar nervous systems, allow for a comparative approach (compare rat brain to a human's), and have fewer ethical constraints

What are the 5 Experiments?

A) Between subjects design, within subject design, independent variable, dependent variable, confounding variables

· B) Mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation

· C) Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio, and continuous

· D) Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, correlation, regression, and ANOVA

A) Between subjects design, within subject design, independent variable, dependent variable, confounding variables

What is a between-subjects design?

A) A design in which the same participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable

· B) A design in which participants are measured multiple times over an extended period

· C) A design in which participants are matched on key characteristics before being assigned to conditions

· D) A design looking at 2 different groups

D) A design looking at 2 different groups

What is a Within-subjects design?

A) A design looking at 2 different groups

· B) Both groups are getting both treatments

· C) A design in which participants are matched on key characteristics

· D) A design in which participants are measured only once

B) Both groups are getting both treatments

What are confounding variables?

A) Variables that are intentionally manipulated by the researcher

· B) Variables that are measured to determine the outcome of a study

· C) Something that may confuse the results by changing something within the 2 variables

· D) Variables that are held constant to prevent them from influencing the results

C) Something that may confuse the results by changing something within the 2 variables

What are the 2 Non-Experiments?

A) Quasi and Case study experiments

· B) Between-subjects and Within-subjects designs

· C) Correlational and Descriptive studies

· D) Longitudinal and Cross-sectional designs

A) Quasi and Case study experiments

What are Quasi Experiments?

A) Experiments in which participants are randomly assigned to different groups

· B) Experiments that take place in a laboratory setting with full experimental control

· C) Experiments that manipulate multiple independent variables simultaneously

· D) Where you can't put people in groups because you can't control confounds, they are self-selected subjects, and it's used when control experiments are impossible

D) Where you can't put people in groups because you can't control confounds, they are self-selected subjects, and it's used when control experiments are impossible

What are Case study experiments?

A) When you study a large group of people to find general patterns

· B) When you take 1 rare person and learn everything about them

· C) When you compare two different groups over a long period of time

· D) When you manipulate an independent variable to test cause and effect

B) When you take 1 rare person and learn everything about them

What are the 6 divisions of Biopsychology?

· A) Developmental, Social, Clinical, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Personality psychology

· B) Experimental, Correlational, Descriptive, Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, and Case study

· C) Physiological psychology, Psychopharmacology, Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Comparative psychology

· D) Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Humanism

C) Physiological psychology, Psychopharmacology, Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Comparative psychology

What is Physiological psychology?

A) Direct manipulation of the nervous system

· B) The study of how drugs affect behavior and mental processes

· C) The study of the relationship between brain activity and psychological processes

· D) The study of how the nervous system produces behavior through observation and recording

A) Direct manipulation of the nervous system

What is Psychopharmacology?

· A) Direct manipulation of the nervous system through surgery or electrical stimulation

· B) The study of how brain damage affects behavior and cognitive functioning

· C) Manipulation of the nervous system pharmacologically

· D) The study of how psychological processes are represented in the brain

· C) Manipulation of the nervous system pharmacologically

What is Neuropsychology?

· A) Direct manipulation of the nervous system through surgery

· B) Manipulation of the nervous system pharmacologically

· C) The study of how cognitive processes are represented in the brain

· D) Focuses on the psychological effects of brain dysfunction

· D) Focuses on the psychological effects of brain dysfunction

What is Psychophysiology?

· A) Focuses on the psychological effects of brain dysfunction through clinical observation

· B) Focuses on the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes; uses noninvasive recording from human muscle tension, eye movement, pupil dilation, electrical conductance of the skin, and brain activity

· C) Focuses on the direct manipulation of the nervous system through surgical procedures

· D) Focuses on how drugs and medications alter behavior and mental states

B) Focuses on the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes; uses noninvasive recording from human muscle tension, eye movement, pupil dilation, electrical conductance of the skin, and brain activity

What is cognitive Neuroscience?

· A) Focuses on the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes using noninvasive recording techniques

· B) Focuses on the psychological effects of brain dysfunction and damage

· C) Looks at how the brain works through cognitive functions, such as learning, memory, attention, and perceptual processes

· D) Focuses on the direct manipulation of the nervous system through pharmacological agents

· C) Looks at how the brain works through cognitive functions, such as learning, memory, attention, and perceptual processes

What is Comparative psychology?

· A) Looks at how the brain works through cognitive functions such as learning and memory

· B) Focuses on the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes using noninvasive recording techniques

· C) Focuses on the psychological effects of brain dysfunction and damage

· D) Where you look at differences between animals, including evolution, psychology, and behavioral genetics, both lab and ethological studies

· D) Where you look at differences between animals, including evolution, psychology, and behavioral genetics, both lab and ethological studies

What are the problems with thinking about the biology of behavior?

· A) The brain is too complex to study using current technology

· B) Behavior is entirely determined by environmental factors, not biology

· C) Asomatognosia and chimps show psychological (human abilities)

· D) Biological explanations cannot account for cultural differences in behavior

· C) Asomatognosia and chimps show psychological (human abilities)

What is Asomatognosia?

· A) Deficiency of awareness of one's own body parts

· B) Deficiency of awareness of other people's emotions

· C) Deficiency of awareness of one's own thoughts

· D) Deficiency of awareness of one's own memories

· A) Deficiency of awareness of one's own body parts

What are the 4 kinds of evidence of Darwins theory of evolution?

· A) Fossil records, genetic mutations, natural selection, and adaptation

· B) Anatomical structures, behavioral observations, ecological niches, and reproduction rates

· C) DNA sequencing, protein structures, developmental biology, and population genetics

· D) Fossil records, structural similarities, and selective breeding

· D) Fossil records, structural similarities, and selective breeding

What does the term “fitness” mean when talking about evolution of animals?

· A) How strong or physically capable an animal is in its environment

· B) The ability to pass on its genes to survive and for the next generation

· C) How well an animal can find food and avoid predators

· D) The overall health and longevity of an individual animal

· B) The ability to pass on its genes to survive and for the next generation

What are some odious examples of “Fitness” in animals?

· A) Building nests and attracting mates

· B) Finding food and avoiding predation

· C) Migrating long distances and hibernating

· D) Communicating with others and forming social groups

B) Finding food and avoiding predation

What are some not so obvious examples of “fitness” in animals?

· A) Social dominance and courtship displays

· B) Finding food and avoiding predation

· C) Migration and hibernation patterns

· D) Building nests and foraging for food

A) Social dominance and courtship displays

What was the evolution of vertebrates in human evolution?

· A) Vertebrates evolved from invertebrates with exoskeletons

· B) Vertebrates developed lungs before they developed limbs

· C) Chordates have dorsal nerve cords and vertebrates have spinal bones

· D) Vertebrates evolved from fish directly to mammals without intermediate stages

C) Chordates have dorsal nerve cords and vertebrates have spinal bones

True or false? Human have emerged from the order primates.

True

What are some of the different primates?

· A) Dogs, cats, and horses

· B) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises

· C) Apes, humans, and old world monkeys

· D) Eagles, hawks, and falcons

C) Apes, humans, and old world monkeys

True or false? Evolution isn’t a straight line, it’s like a tree where it branches out in different ways.

True

True or false? Not all existing behaviors or structures are adaptive..

True

Spandrels are…

A) Adaptive traits that evolved for a specific purpose

· B) Structures that are essential for survival

· C) Features that were designed by natural selection for a current function

· D) Incidental non-adaptive byproducts (like the human belly button)

D) Incidental non-adaptive byproducts (like the human belly button)

True or false? Not all existing adaptive characteristics involved to perform their current functions.

True

Exaptations are…

· A) Incidental non-adaptive byproducts that serve no current function

· B) Evolved to do one thing, but now do something else (such as bird wings)

· C) Traits that are directly selected for their current use

· D) Structures that have lost all function over evolutionary time

· B) Evolved to do one thing, but now do something else (such as bird wings)

What are Homologous structures?

· A) A physical feature or bone in different species that has a similar underlying design because the species share a common ancestor

· B) A physical feature that has the same function in different species but different underlying structures

· C) A physical feature that is unique to a single species and has no evolutionary significance

· D) A physical feature that evolved independently in different species for the same function

A) A physical feature or bone in different species that has a similar underlying design because the species share a common ancestor

What are Analogous structures?

A) Biological features in different species that have a similar underlying design because they share a common ancestor

· B) Biological features that have lost their original function over evolutionary time

· C) Biological features in different species that have a similar function, but different evolutionary origins and internal anatomy

· D) Biological features that evolved for one purpose but now serve a different function

C) Biological features in different species that have a similar function, but different evolutionary origins and internal anatomy

What is Convergent evolution?

A) Evolution that occurs when two species share a common ancestor and diverge over time

· B) Evolution that results in species becoming more similar due to interbreeding

· C) Evolution that occurs when species adapt to different environments and become less similar

· D) It occurs when unrelated or distantly related organisms independently evolve similar physical features or behaviors because they live in similar environments

· D) It occurs when unrelated or distantly related organisms independently evolve similar physical features or behaviors because they live in similar environments