BIOL 1010 Final Exam Review (Intro Bio)

Hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Dependent Variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

RNA transcription

Transfers DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of an mRNA

protein translation

the process in which the genetic code in mRNA is used to assemble amino acids in the correct sequence to make a protein

hypertonic solution

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water

hypotonic solution

a solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

hydrophilic molecules

Do not cross the membrane easily, such as ions and polar molecules.

DNA replication occurs

the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

hydrogen bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

ionic bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Ion

A charged atom

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

amino acid structure

Central carbon atom

Amino group

Carboxyl group

Single hydrogen

Variable R group

DNA vs RNA structure

DNA has Thymine and RNA has Uracil

DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have nucleus and membrane bound organelles (like the chloroplasts and mitochondria). Prokaryotic cells (BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA) are unorganized and don't have a nucleus

diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

haploid cell

A cell that has only one representative of each homologous chromosome pair.

sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.

cellular respiration

process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

Fermentation

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

first law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

second law of thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

electron transport chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

Phenotype

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Heterozygous

having two different alleles for a particular gene

Mutations

Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides. The source of all genetic diversity.

sexual selection

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

analogous structures

structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

energetic hypothesis

The concept that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain.

Biomagnification

The increase in chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain

standardized variable

any factor held constant for all subjects in an experiment

Characteristics of life

reproduce, homeostasis, evolution, organization, use energy

Eukarya Domain's Kingdoms

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Organic molecules are

carbon-based molecules: nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Hydrophobic

water hating

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

genetic drift

random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations

dominant allele

one whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present

vestigial structures

Are little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2