Test & Measures Midterm Review

Musculoskeletal System Observations

• Symmetry of Posture and muscle mass

• ROM

• Gross Strength

• Height and Weight

Neurological System Observations

• Gross Condition and motor function

• Balance, gait, transfers

Cardiovascular/Pulmonary system Observations

• Edema

• Dyspnea (work of breathing)

Communication System Observations

• Speech

• Coordinated breathing

• Respiratory Sounds

Cognition Systems Observations

• Consciousness

• Emotional and behavioral responses

Integumentary System Observations

• Skin integrity

• Pliability

• Scar formation

• Skin color

• Nails

• Body odor

Other observations

• Signs of pain/distress

• Guarding

• Grimacing

• Not moving

• Willingness to move

Skin

What is the largest organ in the body?

• Cardiovascular/Pulmonary Systems

• Inflammation

• Infection

What preliminary data can be gathered from observing skin?

An infection in the blood stream that can turn into cepsis

What is cellulitis?

Red streaks coming from a wound

How does cellulitis present?

Cardiovascular/pulmonary

If skin is blue, what system is in dysfunction?

Laborous skin

What type of skin does hair NOT grow on?

Tenting of the skin due to dehydration

What is turgor and what is its cause?

Asymmetry

What does the A stand for when describing moles/lesions?

Border

What does the B stand for when describing moles/lesions?

Color

What does the C stand for when describing moles/lesions?

Diameter

What does the D stand for when describing moles/lesions?

Venous insufficiency

If the skin has redness/edema what is insufficent?

Arterial insufficiency

If the skin has discoloration what is insufficient?

Alopecia

What is the term for hair loss?

Front to back; typically in frontoparietal scalp

In age related alopecia, where does hair loss occur?

Clubbing

• Bulbous finger tips with loss of normal nail plate angle

• Nails may be cyanotic and spongy

• Caused by: long term hypoxia due to CP diseases such as congenital heart defects and cystic fibrosis

Jaundice

Yellow discoloration of the sclera, skin & mucous membranes; associated with excessive levels of bilirubin

Palor

Paleness associated with decreased levels of oxyhemoglobin and local blood flow

Ecchymosis

Discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising

Erythema

Reddened area of the skin caused by increased blood flow

Flushing

Diffuse redness of the face or another area of the body

Petechiae

Tiny red or purple hemorrhagic spots caused by capillary bleeding with subsequent leakage of blood into the skin; can be the sign of something minor or major or reaction to medication

Causes of petechiae

• Endocarditis

• Scarlett Fever

• Vitamin K deficiency

• Medication reaction

• Leukemia

Cyanosis

Bluish gray discoloration associated with inadequate oxygenation of the blood

Central Cyanosis

Diffuse skin color changes in central aspects of the body (head, trunk) as well as color changes in mucous membranes

Peripheral Cyanosis

Color changes in nail beds & lips owing to decrease CO, exposure to cold, or arterial or venous obstruction

Refer to PCP

If skin does not look normal & patient reports recent changes what should you do?

Person, time, place, situation

When asking alert and oriented questions what are the 4 main things you want them to orient to?

UMN Signs

• Spasticity

• Hyperreflexia

• Babinskis reflex

• Clonus

• Weakness and atrophy

• Flexors > Extensors in LE

• Extensors > Flexors in UE

LMN SIgns

• Hypotonia or flaccidity

• Hyporeflexia

• Weakness and atrophy

• Fasciculations

• - Babinski reflex

0

What is the grade for an absent DTR?

+1

What is the grade for a diminished DTR?

+2

What is the grade for a normal DTR?

3+

What is the grade for a brisk DTR?

4+

What is the grade for a clonus DTR?

Exteroceptive (Superficial)

_______ types of sensation

• Tactile (light touch)

• Pain

• Temperature

• Pressure

Proprioceptive (Deep)

_______ types of sensation

• Proprioception (static joint position)

• Vibration

• Kinesthesia

Cortical (Combined)

______ types of sensation

• Stereognosis

• Graphesthesia

• Baroagnosis

• Topognosis

• Two-point discrimination

• Double simultaneous stimulation

• Recognition of texture

• Crude touch

• Pressure

• Pain

• Temperature

• Tickle

• Itch

What kind of sensations go through the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway?

• Discriminative touch

• Proprioception

• Vibration

What kind of sensations go through the dorsal column/medial lemniscal pathway?

Object identification through touch/manipulation

Define stereoagnosis

Recognition of writing on skin through touch

Define graphesthesia

Weight discrimination

Define baroagnosis

Localization of stimulus (know where you are being touched)

Define topognosis

Smallest distance between two stimuli that can still be perceived as 2 stimuli

Define two-point discrimination

Ability to percieve simultaneous touch stimuli on 2 areas of the body

Define double simultaneous stimulation

W - words

I - intensity
L - location
D - duration
A - aggravating factors (what makes it better or worse)

Pain question examples acronym…