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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences.

Real-time PCR (qPCR)

A method of PCR that allows for the quantification of DNA in real time during the amplification process.

Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR)

A technique that converts RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) before amplification.

cDNA (complementary DNA)

DNA synthesized from an RNA template via the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

Cycle Threshold (Ct)

The number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to exceed the threshold in PCR.

Dye SYBR Green

A fluorescent dye used in real-time PCR to indicate the presence of double-stranded DNA.

Absolute Quantification in qPCR

A method to determine the exact copy number of a target sequence by using a standard curve.

Relative Quantification in qPCR

A method to compare the expression levels of a target gene to a reference gene for normalization.

Gene Expression Profiling

Analyzing the expression levels of multiple genes to understand cellular responses.

Restriction Enzymes

Proteins that recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA at or near these sites.

Genomic Library

A collection of cloned DNA fragments that represents the entire genome of an organism.

cDNA Library

A collection of clones representing the expressed genes of a specific cell type or tissue.

Sensitivity of qPCR

The ability of qPCR to detect small differences in nucleic acid amounts.

Applications of PCR

Includes disease diagnostics, genetic research, recombinant DNA technology, and forensic analysis.

SNP Genotyping

The process of determining genetic variations at single nucleotide positions in DNA.

Mutation Analysis

The study of genetic changes that may lead to variations in phenotype.

Pathogen Detection

Identifying the presence of harmful microorganisms in samples.

Exon

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that contains coding information.

Intron

A non-coding segment of a gene that is removed during RNA splicing.