AP US History AMSCO 4th Edition: Unit 4 Vocab

Presidential Election of 1800

This event provided the first election with a clear choice between political parties.

Thomas Jefferson

In 1800, a majority of the presidential electors cast their ballots for two Democratic Republicans: one of them was this man who once said, "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."

Louisiana Purchase

The single most important achievement of Jefferson's first administration was the acquisition by purchase of vast western lands known as this, where the most valuable property in terms of commerce, the Port of New Orleans, was located within.

Aaron Burr

In 1800, a majority of the presidential electors cast their ballots for two Democratic Republicans: one of them was this man who later killed Alexander Hamilton.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Even before Louisiana was purchased, Jefferson had persuaded Congress to fund a scientific exploration of the trans-Mississippi West to be led by two men whom the expedition was named after. The Louisiana Purchase greatly increased the importance of the expedition.

strict interpretation

Jefferson was committed to this policy involving the Constitution and rejected Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied. In his eyes, no clause in the Constitution explicitly stated that a president could purchase foreign land.

John Marshall

This Federalist official consistently favored the central government and the rights of property against the advocates of states' rights.

judicial review

In 1799, the Supreme Court had not yet established this principle, the idea that the court could overturn a law that it found in conflict with the Constitution. This principle was established thanks to the case of Marbury v. Madison.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

This was the first case decided by Chief Justice John Marshall that put him in direct conflict with President Thomas Jefferson, when Jefferson's secretary of state sued an appointee of former President John Adams.

Fletcher v. Peck, 1810

In this case involving land fraud in Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall concluded that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid.

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

In this case, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a state could not tax a federal institution because "the power to tax is the power to destroy" and federal laws are supreme over state laws.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819

This case involved a law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college into a public institution. The (John) Marshall Court struck down the state law as unconstitutional.

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

In this case where he ruled that the New York monopoly was unconstitutional, Chief Justice John Marshall established the federal government's broad control of interstate commerce.

implied powers

Using a loose interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that the Constitution gave the federal government the ability to create one.

Tariff of 1816

After the War of 1812, Congress raised these import taxes for the express purpose of protecting U.S. manufacturers from competition rather than to simply raise revenue. It was the first protective tariff in U.S. history.

protective tariff

The Tariff of 1812 was the first example of one of these in U.S. history and the first of many to come.

Henry Clay

This Kentuckian leader in the House of Representatives proposed a comprehensive method for advancing the nation's economic growth.

American System

Henry Clay's economic plan, which he called this, consisted of three parts: (1) protective tariffs, (2) a national bank, and (3) internal improvements.

Second Bank of the United States (2BUS)

In 1816, two parts of Clay's American System were already in place, the last year of James Madison's presidency. Congress in that year adopted a protective tariff and also chartered this.

Panic of 1819

This economic disaster occurred after the Second Bank of the United States tightened credit in an effort to control inflation. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply.

Era of Good Feelings

The election of James Monroe as president in 1816 inaugurated what one newspaper editorial characterized as this period of time.

James Monroe

As a young man, this individual had fought in the Revolutionary War and suffered through the Valley Forge winter. He later served as Jefferson's minister to Great Britain and Madison's secretary of state, and his election in 1816 brought about the "Era of Good Feelings."

economic nationalism

One outgrowth of the War of 1812 was this political movement to support the growth of the nation's economy.

sectionalism

After the Missouri Crisis, Americans were torn between feelings of nationalism (loyalty to the Union) on the one hand and these feelings (loyalty to one's own region) on the other.

Tallmadge Amendment

Representative James Tallmadge from New York ignited the debate about the Missouri question by proposing this, which, if adopted, would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in Missouri.

Missouri Compromise

After months of heated debate in Congress and throughout the nation, Henry Clay won majority support for these three bills, which would admit Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36° 30΄.

"war hawks"

These people were known by this name because of their eagerness for war with Britain, and they quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives in the Congressional election of 1810.

John C. Calhoun

The Peggy Eaton Affair led to the resignation of Andrew Jackson's vice president just a year later.

"Quids"

Americans who opposed the war viewed it as "Mr. Madison's War" and the work of the war hawks in Congress. Most outspoken in their criticism of the war were New England merchants, Federalist politicians, "Old" Democratic-Republicans, also known by this name.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Just before the War of 1812 ended, the New England states threatened to secede from the Union. Radical Federalists in New England urged that the Constitution be amended and that, as a last resort, secession be voted upon. To consider these matters, this special convention was held at Hartford, Connecticut, in December 1814.

Tecumseh

In an effort to defend their lands from further encroachment, Shawnee brothers—a warrior by this name and a religious leader known as the Prophet—attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Mississippi River. That warrior was killed in the Battle of the Thames near Detroit.

William Henry Harrison

The War of 1812 had a number of important future consequences, with one of them being that war heroes such as Andrew Jackson and this man would soon be in the forefront of a new generation of political leaders.

Battle of Tippecanoe

In this 1811 battle, William Henry Harrison destroyed the Shawnee headquarters, which ended Tecumseh's efforts to form an Indian confederacy.

Stephen Decatur

During Madison's presidency, when problems with the Barbary pirates again developed, a fleet under this man was sent in 1815 to force the rulers of North Africa to allow American shipping the free use of the Mediterranean.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

During Monroe's first year as president, British and American negotiators agreed to a major disarmament pact. This agreement strictly limited naval armament on the Great Lakes.

Treaty of 1818

Improved relations between the United States and Britain continued in this treaty that provided for (1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland; (2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years; and (3) the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel, thus establishing the western U.S.-Canada boundary line.

Andrew Jackson

In the war of 1812, U.S. troops in the South were ably commanded by this general and later president of the United States.

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Spain, worried that the United States would seize Florida and preoccupied with troubles in Latin America, decided to get the best possible terms for Florida. By this treaty in 1819, Spain turned over all of its possessions in Florida and its own claims in the Oregon Territory to the United States.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

On December 2, 1823, President Monroe inserted into his annual message to Congress this declaration of U.S. policy toward Europe and Latin America.

Francis Scott Key / "The Star-Spangled Banner"

In the War of 1812, The British attempted to take Baltimore, but Fort McHenry held out after a night's bombardment—an event immortalized by this man in the words of "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Napoleon Bonaparte

The Louisiana Territory had once been claimed by France, which then lost its claim to Spain. But in 1800, this French military and political leader secretly forced Spain to give the Louisiana Territory back to France.

Barbary Pirates

To protect U.S. merchant ships from being seized by these people, Presidents Washington and Adams had reluctantly agreed to pay tribute to the Barbary governments.

impressment

New England merchants were opposed to the War of 1812 because, after the repeal of the Embargo Act, they were making sizable profits from the European war and viewed this as merely a minor inconvenience.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

In 1807, only a few miles off the coast of Virginia, a British warship fired on a U.S. warship. Three Americans were killed, and four others were taken captive and impressed into the British navy. Anti-British feeling ran high, and many Americans demanded war.

Embargo Act (1807)

As an alternative to war, Jefferson persuaded the Democratic-Republican majority in Congress to pass this in 1807.

James Madison

Many people, including slaveowners such as this man, disliked slavery, hoping it would fade away as it had in Europe and was beginning to do in parts of Latin America.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

This replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so Macon's Bill No. 2 replaced it.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

This act replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809; reopened trade with both Britain and France but held that if either agreed to respect America's neutrality in their conflict, the United States would end trade with the other.

War of 1812

From the U.S. point of view, the pressures leading to this war came from two directions: the continued violation of U.S. neutral rights at sea and troubles with the British on the western frontier.

U.S.S. Constitution ("Old Ironsides")

In late 1812, this U.S. warship (nicknamed "Old Ironsides") raised American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia.

Battle of Lake Erie

In this battle, a Naval force led by Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British and secured Lake Erie.

Oliver Hazard Perry

Probably the most important naval battle of the war was in 1813 on Lake Erie with this American Captain, declaring victory with, "We have met the enemy and they are ours."

Battle of Lake Champlain

1814, ships commanded by Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on this lake. As a result, the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England.

Battle of New Orleans

This battle was fought on January 8, 1815, two weeks after a treaty ending the War of 1812 had been signed in Ghent, Belgium, but before news of the treaty had reached the military forces.

Treaty of Ghent

This treaty, promptly ratified by the Senate in 1815, said nothing at all about the grievances that led to the War of 1812. Britain made no concessions concerning impressment, blockades, or other maritime differences. Thus, the war ended in stalemate with no gain for either side.

Old Northwest

This region consisted of six states that joined the Union before 1860: Ohio (1803), Indiana (1816), Illinois (1818), Michigan (1837), Wisconsin (1848), and Minnesota (1858).

Lancaster Turnpike

This thing built in Pennsylvania in the 1790s connected Philadelphia with the rich farmlands around Lancaster.

National (Cumberland) Road

Construction of highways that crossed state lines was unusual, but one notable exception was this road, a paved highway and major route to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois.

John Deere / Cyrus McCormick

In the Old Northwest, corn and wheat were very profitable and fed people in growing urban areas. Using the newly invented steel plow (by this man) and mechanical reaper (by this other man), a farm family was more efficient and could plant more acres, needing to supplement its labor only with a few hired workers at harvest time.

Erie Canal

The completion of this in New York State in 1825 was a major event in linking the economies of western farms and eastern cities.

Robert Fulton

The age of mechanized, steam-powered travel began in 1807 with the successful voyage up the Hudson River of the Clermont, a steamboat developed by this man.

steamboats

Hauling freight from Cincinnati to New York took more than seven weeks before the days of these.

railroads

Even more rapid and reliable links between cities became possible with the building of the first examples of these in the late 1820s.

telegraph

In 1844, inventor Samuel F. B. Morse demonstrated a successful attempt at this method of communication, which transmitted messages along wires almost instantaneously.

Eli Whitney / cotton gin

Slavery grew rather than declined beginning in 1793. In that year, this man invented this thing, a device for separating cotton fiber from the seeds.

interchangeable parts

During the War of 1812, Eli Whitney developed a system for making rifles using these, identical components that can be assembled to make a final product.

Samuel Slater

When this man emigrated from Britain, taking information about factory designs out of the country was illegal. However, he had memorized the system and technology used in British cotton mills, and he applied these secrets to help establish the first U.S. textile factory in 1791.

factory system

As this system expanded, it encouraged the growth of financial businesses such as banking and insurance.

Lowell System

In the 1830s, some factories imitated this system, which involved recruiting young farm women and housing them in company dormitories.

textile mills

At first, factory owners had difficulty finding workers for their mills. Factory life could not compete with the lure of cheap land in the West. In response to this difficulty, these places in Lowell, Massachusetts, recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories.

Market Revolution

This describes the economic change where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves.

new cities

At key transportation points, small towns grew into thriving cities after 1820. The cities served as transfer points, processing farm products for shipment to the East and distributing manufactured goods from the East to their region.

Industrial Revolution

The new opportunities in cities offered by this event continued to attract people from farming communities, including both native-born Americans and immigrants from Europe.

Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842

Organized labor achieved one notable victory in 1842 when the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled in this court case that "peaceful unions" had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers.