Adolescent Development

framework for studying adolescent development

changes

context

psychosocial

principal features of adolescent development

biological

cognitive

social

types of theories

biosocial

organismic

learning

sociological

historical and anthropological

major biosocial theories

hall’s theory of recapitulation

dual systems theory/maturational imbalance theory

major organismic theories

freudian

eriksonian

piagetian

major learning theories

behaviorism

social learning theory

major sociological theories

adolescent marginality

intergeneral conflict

historical and anthropological theory

adolescence is an invention

reflection of political, economic, and social circumstances

hall’s theory of recapitulation

influenced by darwin

adolescence is inherently problematic

represented by evolution of our own species from early to civilized

dual systems/maturational imbalance

two brain systems

social and emotional information vs. self-control

one matures quicker

freudian theory

puberty awakens psychosexual conflicts

eriksonian theory

eight stages of development, each characterized by one crisis

identity crisis rather than psychosexual crisis

who one is vs. where one is headed

piagetian theory

transition from concrete to abstract thought

behaviorism

reinforcement ad punishment are the only factor in adolescent behavior

social learning theory

observational learning and imitation

adolescent marginality

difference between adolescents and adults

kept out of important societal roles

Puberty

physical changes as one goes from childhood to adulthood

features of puberty

rapid growth

primary sex characteristics (namely gonads)

secondary sex characteristics

changes in brain anatomy and activity

explain endocrine feedback loop

hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which controls hormone levels and can stimulate or inhibit the gonads

what does the stimulation of adrenal glands lead to

sexual feelings

body odor

heightened response to stress

hormones influencing puberty

kisspeptin stimulates it

leptin stimulates kisspeptin

melatonin inhibits kisspeptin

leptin

makes you feel full

produced by fat cells

melatonin

helps regulate the sleep cycle

steps of sexual maturation in males

growth of testes and scrotum + pubic hair

growth spurt

facial and body hair + deepened voice

steps of sexual maturation for females

elevation of the breast + pubic hair

development of reproductive system

maturational deviance

early maturation in girls leads them to be isolated from ALL their peers

developmental readiness

very young girls are unprepared for puberty

development

systematic changes and continuities that occur between conception and death

factors of development

growth, aging, maturation, learning

class assumptions about development

lifelong

multidirectional

both gain and loss

plasticity

shaped by context

many factors

studied interdisciplinarygo

goals of study

description

prediction

explanation

optimization

scientific method

observation

theory

hypothesis

study design

data collection

data analysis

interpretation

principal biosocial thinker

Hall

principal organismic thinkers

Piaget, Erikson

principal learning thinker

Bandura

principal sociological thinkers

Manheim and Lewin

principal historical and anthropological thinker

Benedict

types of designs

cross-sectional

longitudinal

sequential

cross-sectional design

multiple cohorts all studied at the same time

less costly

does not take life experience into account

longitudinal

one cohort with multiple assessment times

more expensive and impacted by time of measurement

analyzes changes over time (development!)

sequential

multple cohorts with different study start times

very expensive and no way to change method of study

takes more variables into account

features of an experiment

manipulation of independent variables

random assignment

experimental control

alternatives to experiments

quasi-experiment (no randomization)

correlational study (no independent variable)

methods for data collection

verbal reports

physiological assessments

behavioral observations (naturalistic OR structured)

major problem areas within research

sampling and generalizations

bias

ethics

primary sex characteristics

characteristics related to fertility

ways to analyze the brain

MRI for structure

fMRI for function

diffusion tensor imaging for connectivity

synaptic pruning

disappearance of unused synapses

myelination

increase of fatty white matter insulating the axons

changes in cognitive abilities

understanding possibilities

relative thinking

abstract thinking

metacognition

multidimensional thinking

piagetian phases of cognition

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete

formal

main skills impacted by cognitive development

attention

memory

speed

organization

types of attention

selective and divided

types of memory

working

long-term

autobiographical

reminiscence bump

stronger memory of events from adolescence

main components impacting social behavior

prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and reactions to neurotransmitters

zone of proximal development

just above current abilities

components of social cognition

theory of mind

thinking about relationships

understanding social conventions

understanding laws

theory of mind

understanding that others have thoughts independent from your own

steps of behavioral decision theory

options

consequences

pros and cons

likelihood

choice

ways to decrease risk-taking behavior

education

economic policies

penalties

prominent perspectives on cognition

piagetian constructivism

Vygotsky’s sociocultural context

Information processing theory

Piagetian constructivism

development is made up of stages

motivated by curiosity and a need for cognitive equilibrium

structures are formed and developed through assimilation and adaptation

Explain Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective

development is gradual

motivated by need for social development

promoted by teachers who create zone of proximal development

information processing

development is like computer functioning

more focus on information and its role in development

inventionist

belief that adolescence is a social construct

did not exist prior to the industrial revolution

components of emerging adulthood

identity search

instability in relationships, work, etc

independent view of life

in-between stage

consideration of possibilities

components of social redifinition

separation from parents

separation of the sexes

preparation for adulthood

primary adult tasks

work

family

citizenship

impact of poor neighborhoods on development

low collective efficacy

replication of negative behavior

low access to resources

family systems theory

equilibrium is disturbed by individual transitions

main reason for conflict between adolescents and parents

morals vs. personal choice

how do midlife and adolescence complement one another

bodily transition

perception of opportunities

view of time

changes in status

impact of language brokerism

undermines parental authority

how does sex impact parental relationships

closer with mother

more influenced by father

Baumrind scale, parenting styles, and their results

authoritative - high demandingness and high responsiveness - psychological maturity

authoritarian - high demandingness and low responsiveness - dependence

indulgent - high responsiveness and low demandingness - low maturity

indifferent - low reponsiveness and low demandingness - impulse

why are ethnic minorities usually into authoritarian parenting

cultural influences

harsher life experiences

benefits of authoritarian parenting

balance between autonomy and demands

intellectual development via discussion

strong attachment to parents

types of familial influences

genetic

shared

nonshared

what makes divorce impactful

the process, not the resulting structure

also marital conflict and traits inherited from parents

different types of socialization cultures

postfigurative

cofigurative

prefigurative

cliques vs. crowds

cliques are typically based on actual socialization, shared interests, and friendships

crowds are based on perception

main factors in forming cliques

orientation toward school

involvement in antisocial activity

role of parents

types of popularity

sociometric

perceived

types of aggression

proactive vs. reactive

physical vs. relational

hostile attributional bias

belief that perceived aggression is on purpose, typically from withdrawn adolescents

transitions of secondary education

secondary

junior high

middle

education standards

benchmarks which all students should meet

assessed via achievement tests

alternatives to public school

charter

private corporations

home

vouchers

dropout factories

10% of US schools make up half of high school dropouts

pros and cons of bigger schools

more varied curriculum

access to extracurriculars, less attachment to the school, inequality

tracking + pros and cons

separation into academic ability groups

finely tuned curricula

worse experience in remedial classes, poor scheduling

 cons of specialization vs. mainstreaming

social isolation

four types of school and criteria

academics, college, party, average

academics, substance, social

characteristics of a good school

provides both structure and support

criteria of engagement

enjoyment

effort

perceived value

5 Cs of good leisure

conpetence

confidence

connection

character

caring/compassion

schools of thought regarding impact of media

cultivation theory

gratifications approach

media practice model

symptoms of internet addiction

salience

mood change

tolerance

withdrawal

conflict

relapse

APA taskforce recommendations in revisiting zero-tolerance

define infractions

train staff

reserve suspension and expulsion for the worst cases

require development curriculum for police officers

preventive measures