AP GOV CH 3 Review

Block grants

Federal grants with fewer restrictions, allowing states more discretion on how funds are spent.

Conditions of aid

Rules states must follow if they choose to receive federal grants.

Dual federalism

Doctrine stating that both state and national governments are supreme in their respective areas.

Mandates

Federal rules states must follow, with or without federal grants.

Categorical grant

Federal grant for a specific purpose, often with conditions attached.

Devolution

Effort to shift responsibility for some programs from the federal government to the states.

Judicial review

Power of the Supreme Court to review and interpret laws and determine their constitutionality.

Enumerated powers

Powers of Congress listed in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution.

Police powers

State laws and regulations that promote health, safety, and morals.

Intergovernmental lobby

Interest group consisting of mayors, governors, and other state and local officials advocating for their respective governments' interests.

Necessary and proper clause

Found in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, it grants Congress the power to make laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers.

10th Amendment

States that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states.

Federal supremacy

The principle that federal laws take precedence over state laws.

McCulloch v

Supreme Court case that established the supremacy of federal laws over state laws and clarified Congress's use of the necessary and proper clause.

Census

Used not only to determine seats in the House of Representatives, but also to draw legislative districts and reapportion seats in Congress.

Fiscal federalism

The system in which the federal government provides financial resources to states and local governments to run programs.

Unfunded mandate

Requirements imposed on states without any accompanying funding.

Intergovernmental lobby competition

Governments lobbying other levels of government to allocate resources and funding to achieve their goals.

Devolution

The transfer of power from the federal government to the states, giving them more freedom and autonomy.

Medicaid program

Examples of devolution in the Medicaid program include contracts for doctor appointments and the use of emergency rooms, and the removal of comparability requirements for state governments to reduce Medicaid costs.