phil 2600 exam 1 petrik

what is philosophy

the use of reason to study the fundamental nature of humanity, value, and reality

What is logic

the use of reason to study the methods and principles used to distinguish between correct and incorrect reasoning

what is metaphysics

the study of the fundamental nature of reality

what is epistemology

the study of knowledge

what is ethics

the study of the fundamental values and principles that specify how we ought to behave

what is aesthetics

the study of art and beauty

what are the two types of knowledge

a posteriori and a priori

what is a posteriori knowledge

knowledge that is grounded in or derived from sensory experience

what is a prior knowledge

knowledge that is not ultimately grounded in or derived from sense experience

what is the definition of philosophy of religion

the use to reason to investigate fundamental religious beliefs

God is an...creator of the universe via... (4 things)

omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent; ex-hihlio

what is omniscient

all knowing

what is omnipotent

all powerful; the power to do all that is logically possible

what is omnibenevolent

all good/perfectly good

The Ontological Argument is...(a priori or a posteriori)

A priori

who created the Ontological Argument

Anselm of Canterbury

what is the structure of the Ontological Argument

Reductio Ad Absurdum

What is reductio ad absurdum

proving a conclusion by assuming that is is false and then showing that this assumption leads to a contradiction or absurdity

what is creation ex-hihlio

creation out of nothing

What is the conclusion of Anselm's Ontological Argument

God exists both in the understanding but not in reality

What is St. Anselm's ontological argument?

Can you imagine "that than which nothing greater can be conceived?"

Is it better to exist in the mind or to exist in reality?

If that than which nothing greater can be conceived wouldn't it be better if it existed in reality?

Therefore, that than which nothing greater can be conceived must exist in reality

What is the assumption of atheism in Anselm's Ontological Argument

premise 2: God exists in the understanding but not in reality

what is a compound proposition

a proposition composed of two or more smaller ones

what is a conjunction

true if an only if all of its component propositions are true

What must Anselm do to his argument

eliminate the atheist option

What was Leibniz's response to Anselm's argument

The idea of God is not inconsistent. It is coherent and consistent

Who influenced Thomas Aquinas

Aristotle

Aquinas rejects all _____ arguments for God's existence

A priori

What are Thomas Aquinas' five proofs for the existence of God?

the unmoved mover, the first cause, the necessary being, the absolute being, and the grand designer

Who is Al-Farabi?

a philosopher who used Aristotle's philosophy to defend the Islamic beliefs

Al-Farabi said that God is the...

uncaused efficient cause

Is the Kalam Cosomological Argument for God's existence A Priori or A Posteriori

A Posteriori

What was the Kalam Islamic Speculative Theory

The use of reason to defend, interpret, and systematize Islamic revelation as expressed in the Qur'an and Islamic tradition

Practitioners of Kalam were critical of the ______ movement, and its _______

falsafa (philosophical); falasifa (practitioners)

What was the main source of disagreement between the kalam and the falsafa

kalam said you had to hod faith and revelation before knowledge about the fundamental nature of reality

Kalam's main idea

Faith seeking understanding

Whose major work was the Tahafut Al-Falasifa

Al-Ghazali

what was the Tahafut Al-Falasifa

the incoherence of the philosophers with the intent of criticizing within the falasafa

Al-Ghazali was an advocate of the....

Kalam Cosmological Argument for God's Existence

Kalam Argument

everything that begins to exist has a cause, and the universe began to exist, so there is a cause of the universe.

Arguments for premise 2 of the Kalam cosmological argument (the universe began to exist)

that the universe is infinitely old entails absurdities

Al-Ghazali's Argument from the Impossibility of Hierarchies of the Infinite

the universe is not infinitely old

William Lane Craig and J.P. Morgan's arguments

The universe is not infinitely old; the big bang cosmology and second law of thermodynamics support that the universe is of finite age

Paul Draper's Criticism of the Argument

"Begins to exist" = there was a first moment of the thing's existence.

Draper's "begin with time" meaning

Begin with time, in which the first moment of the thing's existence and the first moment of time are one and the same.

Draper's "begin within time" meaning

Begin within time, in which there was time prior to the first moment of the thing's existence

The 1st premise of Kalam Cosmological Argument must be understood as....

begins within time

The 2nd premise of Kalam Cosmological Argument must be understood as...

begins with time

What did Draper say that the kalam cosmological argument committed?

the fallacy of equivocation

What is the fallacy of equivocation?

using different senses of a single word or phrase within a single argument

What is teleology?

the theory that all natural things are designed so as to have specific functions or purposes

What is the teleological argument?

the argument for the existence of God from the evidence of order, and hence design, in nature.

what are the two main criticisms of the teleological argument?

an intelligent designer may not be the omni-natured creator that Aquinas set out to prove

the theory of evolution can explain the teleology of nature without supposing the existence of an intelligent creator

Modified Teleological Argument: Richard Taylor

a. human sensory and cognitive faculties are the result of natural (non-rational and non-purposive) forces

b. human sensory and cognitive faculties are reliable, representational sources of information about reality

what is epistemological principle

when a belief is the result of non-rational causes, the belief is unjustified

naturalism is self-defeating

C.S. Lewis's argument