The Industrial Revolution (SOL Review #1)

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms in England, displacing many rural workers.

Surplus of Unskilled Workers

An abundance of unskilled labor available in urban areas, facilitating industrial growth.

Bank of England

The central bank of the United Kingdom, established to provide financial stability and manage currency.

Banknotes

Paper currency issued by banks, facilitating trade and economic transactions.

Natural Resources

Materials and components found in nature that can be used for economic gain, such as coal and iron.

Access to Global Markets

The ability to trade with countries around the world, expanding economic opportunities.

James Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny

A spinning frame that allows one worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously, increasing textile production.

James Watt’s Steam Engine

An invention that used steam power to create movement and perform work, crucial for industrialization.

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

A device that separated cotton fibers from seeds, significantly boosting cotton production.

Henry Bessemer’s Bessemer Process

A method for producing steel cheaply and in large quantities, revolutionizing the steel industry.

Edward Jenner’s Smallpox Vaccination

The first successful vaccination developed by Edward Jenner, providing immunity against smallpox.

Louis Pasteur’s Pasteurization and Germ Theory

Methods to kill bacteria in food and the theory that germs cause diseases, respectively.

Demand for Cotton Textiles

The increased need for cotton textiles driven by population growth and industrial demand.

Environmental Pollution

The introduction of contaminants into the natural environment, notably during industrial activities.

Improved Transportation

Advancements in travel and shipping methods, enhancing economic activity and connectivity.

Development of the Factory System

A production method that centralized labor and machines in one location, marking a key industrial phase.

Growth of the Middle Class

The rise of a social class that benefited from industrialization and economic opportunities.

Working Conditions

The environment in which workers operated, often characterized by long hours, low wages, and poor safety.

Living Conditions

The state of housing and sanitation experienced by industrial workers, often marked by overcrowding and pollution.

Factory Act

Legislation aimed at improving working conditions, particularly for women and children in factories.

Ten-Hours Act

Legislation that reduced working hours for children and women in factories.

Public Health Act

A law that reformed government policies regarding public health and poverty management.

Adam Smith

An economist known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations,' advocating for market competition.

The Wealth of Nations

A book by Adam Smith arguing that economies are best served by market competition.

Karl Marx

A philosopher and economist known for his critiques of capitalism and theory of socialism.

Communist Manifesto

A political document advocating for the overthrow of capitalist societies and the establishment of communism.

Child Labor

Employment of children in industrial settings, often in exploitative conditions.

Communist/Marxism

Ideological principles advocating for the collective ownership of means of production and social equality.

Exploitative Labor

Work conditions that are unfairly burdensome or harmful to workers, particularly for children and the working class.

Surplus of Unskilled Workers

A large number of untrained laborers available for industrial jobs, mainly in urban areas during the 18th century.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms, which increased agricultural productivity but displaced many workers.

Bank of England

Established in 1694, it provided a stable banking system and issued banknotes, facilitating financial operations.

Spinning Jenny

An invention by James Hargreaves that allowed one worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously, increasing textile production.

Steam Engine

Invented by James Watt, it used steam power to create movement, revolutionizing industry and transportation.

Cotton Gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney that separated cotton fibers from seeds, greatly improving cotton processing efficiency.

Bessemer Process

A method developed by Henry Bessemer for producing steel cheaply and in large quantities.

Smallpox Vaccination

Pioneered by Edward Jenner, this was the first successful vaccination technique to combat the smallpox disease.

Factory System

An industrial organization method that centralized production in large facilities, employing many workers in systematic operations.

Environmental Pollution

The introduction of harmful substances into the environment as a result of industrial activities.

Child Labor

The employment of children in factories and other industries, often under harsh conditions, considered exploitative by Karl Marx.

Wealth of Nations

A book by Adam Smith that advocates for a market economy driven by competition and entrepreneurship.

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that argues for a revolutionary overthrow of capitalist societies.