The Industrial Revolution (SOL Review #1)

England 18th Century 

• Access to a surplus of unskilled workers in urban areas

  • Enclosure Movement

• Access to capital

  • Favorable balance of trade

  • Bank of England

    • Banknotes

• Access to Natural Resources

  • Coal and Iron

• Access to Global Markets

Inventions and Advances

• James Hangreaves’s Spinning Jenny

  • One worker can spin multiple threads at the same time

  • Increased textile production

• James Watt’s Steam Engine

  • Machine that used steam power to create movement and perform work

• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

  • Separated cotton fibers from seeds

• Henry Bessemer’s Bessemer Process

  • Steel produced cheaply and in large quantities

• Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccination

• Louis Pasteur’s Paturization and Germ Theory

Causes of industrialization

• Enclosure Movement

• Demand for cotton textiles

Effects of Industrialization

• Environmental pollution

• Improved transportation

• Development of the factory system

• Growth of the middle class

• British Greatly Affected

  • Working conditions

    • Long hours, low wages, child labor, por air quality

  • Living conditions

    • Overcrowding, dirty water and pollution

  • British Legislation

    • Factory Act: Improved working conditions

    • Ten-Hours Act: Reduced working hours for children and women

    • Public health Act: Changed how the government dealt with poverty. 

Adam Smith

• The Wealth of Nations

  • The economy is best served by market competition and the entrepreneur abilities of the bourgeoisie 

  • Expansion of middle class while working class suffered

• said child labor is necessary fi economic growth and factory success  

Karl Marx

• Communist Manifesto

  • Encourages a violent revolution that ultimately would redistribute the wealth

  • Communist/Marxism

• Saw child labor as exploitative