Comprehensive Anatomy and Physiology: Cell Structure, Systems, and Homeostasis

Anatomy

Study of a structure

Physiology

Study of the function

Microscopic anatomy

Study of things too small to see with the naked eye

Gross anatomy

structures visible with the naked eye

Comparative anatomy

Comparing anatomy across species

Developmental anatomy

Changes from conception to adulthood

Embryological anatomy

Focus on the embryonic (embryo) period

Regional anatomy

Study by body region

Surface anatomy

Study of external features and how they relate to deeper structures

Systemic anatomy

Study by organ systems

Radiographic anatomy

Image based anatomy

Surgical anatomy

Study of human body structures how they apply directly to planning and performing surgical operations

Order of life

Atoms, molecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Maintenance of life

Maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Two types of movement

Excitability and contractility

Two types of reproduction

Cellular and organismal

Integumentary system

Skin, hair, nails: protects the body

Skeletal system

Bones and joints; supports and protects the body

Muscular system

Muscles; provide locomotion and heat

Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves; information processing and coordinate body

Endocrine system

Glands and hormones; regulate body function

Cardiovascular system

Heart and blood vessels; transport blood, oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

Lymphatic/immune system

Lymph, lymph nodes, and immune cells; fights disease and returns fluid to blood

Respiratory system

Lungs and airways; brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Digestive system

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

Urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, bladder; removes wastes and regulates water balance

Reproductive system

Produces sex cells and allows reproduction

Survival needs

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

what is the order of Homeostatic control

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector

Stimulus

Produces change in variable

Receptor

Detects change

Control center

gains input and determines outcome

Effector

Cause a change

Negative feedback

Response reduces/stops original stimulus

Positive feedback

Response amplifies stimulus and takes body further away from set position

Anatomical position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward, thumbs out

Sagittal plane

Cuts body into right and left halves

Oblique plane

Diagonal

Frontal (coronal)

cuts body into Anterior and posterior

Transverse

cuts a Horizontal plane

Dorsal cavity

Cranial and vertebral

Ventral cavity

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

Types of serous membranes

Visceral, parietal, and serous cavity

Solutions

Homogenous, solute is fully dissolved into solvent, does not settle or scatter light

Osmolality

Number of stuff per kg/mass

Osmolarity

(Volume) looking at the number of stuff per liter

Colloid

Heterogenous, does not settle out, sol-gel transformations

Suspensions

Heterogenous, large particles that settle over time

Ionic bond

Transfer of valence shell electron, one gain one loss

Anion

Gains one or more electron, negative

Cation

Loses one or more electrons, positive

what is the Plasma membrane made out of

Phospholipid bilayer

How is the Phospholipid bilayer composed

Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

Coulomb's law

Opposites attract resulting in an ionic bond

Synthesis reaction

Smaller particles are bonded together to form larger more complex molecules

Decomposition reaction

Bonds are broken in larger molecules resulting in smaller less complex molecules

Displacement reactions

Bonds are made and broken

what is a Reduction-oxidation reaction (redox)

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between two species, where one is reduced and the other is oxidized (one gains oxygen other loses)

Exergonic

Results in a net release of energy

Endergonic

Results in a net absorption of energy

Speed of reactions is affected by

Temp, concentration of reactants, particle size, catalysts

Inorganic compounds

Water, salts, acids, and bases

Characteristics of water

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning

Universal solvent

Water

Salt characteristics

Cations, anions, electrolytes

What makes an acid

Lower pH number, more free hydrogen roaming

What makes a base

Higher pH number, alkaline, less unbound free hydrogen

Homeostasis of pH

Between 7.35 and 7.45

Organic compounds

Carbon, carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides), lipids

Monomer of carbon

Monosaccharides

Types of lipids

Triglycerides, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, trans fats, omega-3, phospholipids, steroids

Saturated fats

Solid at room temp, no double bonds

Unsaturated fats

Not packed closely, double bonds

what are Steroids

4 interlocking hydrogens that change how your genes work — contol growth, stress response, and swelling

how do Proteins differ

their Shape and function differ due to their structural level

Types of proteins

Structural, enzyme, transport, contractile, communication, defensive

What are proteins made out of?

Amino acids joined by peptide (covalent) bonds

Protein monomers

Polypeptides

Shapes of proteins

Fibrous and Globular

Fibrous protein function

Structure

what is Globular protein used for

Functionality

what causes Denaturation

Decrease in pH and/or increases in temp

what is a Enzyme

A biological catalyst

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up or changed

Holoenzyme

A complete, active enzyme

Structure of a holoenzyme

Apoenzyme (protein part) and cofactor (metal ion) or coenzyme (vitamin)

Enzymes act on what?

Specific substrates

Three steps of enzymatic activity

Enzyme substrate complex (bind at active site), Rearrangement (form the product), release (release product)

what is ATP

Adenosine triphosphate that supplies immediate, usable energy

what is included in a Generalized cell

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

what is Extracellular matrix

Stuff outside the cell

what is Extracellular fluid

Interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid

what is Interstitial fluid

Fluid in tissue

what is in Blood plasma

RBC and WBC float in plasma

what is Cerebrospinal fluid

Fluid that covers your dorsal cavity

what are Cellular secretions

Also ECM — saliva

what is the Function of ECM

Glues cells together

what does it mean if a membrane is Impermeable to a substance

It can't cross the membrane

Lipid bilayer composition

75% phospholipids, 5% glycolipids, 20% cholesterol

what are the proteins on the plasma membrane

Integral protein and peripheral protein