pathology review 2

What is the mechanism that leads to the manifestation of 'tumor' or swelling at the site of inflammation?

Increased vascular permeability and edema due to exudate.

What are DAMPs and PAMPs in the context of inflammation?

danger-associated molecular patterns (host cell origin); pathogen-associated molecular patterns (microorganism origin).

What role do cytokines play in the inflammatory response?

released by cells and activate other cells, contributing to vascular permeability and inflammation.

What are the distinguishing characteristics between exudate and transudate?

protein-rich and occurs due to inflammation vs protein-poor and occurs due to changes in hydrostatic or oncotic pressure.

What is the target of Advil and how does it affect inflammation?

targets the eicosanoid pathway, inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 to reduce prostaglandins and thromboxanes involved in inflammation.

Which innate immune cells are the first responders to a bacterial infection?

Neutrophils

What is the main function of dendritic cells in the immune response?

antigen presentation to activate T cells.

Which CD4 T cell type is most involved in tuberculin skin test reactions?

Th1 cells are primarily involved, producing IFN gamma in response to the TST.

What form of hypersensitivity does the tuberculin skin test measure?

type IV hypersensitivity reaction, also known as Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH).

What specific immune response is characterized by the production of IgM antibodies?

The primary immune response to a new infection, typically first produced before class switching to IgG.

What is the polarization state of macrophages that promotes resolution of inflammation?

M2 promote resolution of inflammation and healing.

What do regulatory T cells (Tregs) do in the immune response?

They suppress inflammatory responses and help maintain immune homeostasis.

What is the process by which a scar is formed after injury?

Fibrosis, characterized by granulation tissue composed of collagens and blood vessels.

Explain how the alternative and lectin pathways contribute to bacterial elimination.

spontaneously activates on microbial surfaces; the lectin pathway is activated by mannose-binding lectin binding to carbohydrates on bacteria.

What are the main cytokines produced by innate immune cells in response to a bacterial infection?

CXCL8, IL-12, TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 are key innate cytokines.

Which type of immune cells are critical in eliminating viral infections?

Natural Killer (NK) cells

What T cell responses are typically activated by viral infections?

CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

Describe the process that leads to edema formation at the site of inflammation.

Increased vascular permeability allows fluid and proteins to leak into interstitial spaces, causing swelling (edema).