Europe and the Muslim World

Ottoman Empire

A historical empire that controlled large areas of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa from the late 13th century until the early 20th century.

Mahdi

A prophesied redeemer in Islam who is expected to bring justice and prosperity to the world.

Wahhabis

A movement within Sunni Islam that promotes the idea of purifying and simplifying the faith.

Pashas

Corrupt local rulers within the Ottoman Empire who tried to maintain control amidst rising nationalism.

Dardanelles

A strategically important strait in Turkey that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara.

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group.

Turkification

A process aimed at creating a homogeneous Turkish national identity in the Ottoman Empire.

Suez Canal

A man-made waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.

Populism

A political approach seeking to represent the interests of ordinary people, often against the elite.

Modernization

The process of adapting something to modern needs or habits, often in the context of technology or society.

What were some of the problems weakning the ottoman empire

•  govt corruption  and discontent in the late 1800s was leading to Islamic revivals

Muhammad Ahmad

proclaimed himself savior of the faith (Mahdi) and would later fight off British colonialism

wahhabis

• a group called the sought to purify and simplify Islam

• Europeans slowly became aware of the growing fragility of the Ottoman Empire

where did nationalist sentiments take hold in the late 19th centuary? which country gained indpendence

• Pashas tried to tighten their hold on the people and it only made the ethnically diverse population angrier.

• Nationalism Spreads

• Arabia, Lebanon, and Armenia launched failed uprisings but Egypt gained its independence from the Ottomans

EGYPT

why were europeans interested in ottoman territory

strategic bodies of water

young turks

a reformist group that sought to modernize the Ottoman Empire and promote Turkish nationalism.

goals of the young turks

• 
  

  •  freedom of speech.

  •  freedom of assembly.

  •  freedom of the press

Genocide of turks

refers to the mass extermination and forced deportation of Armenians and other ethnic groups by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

mustafa kemal ataturk

• Republican People’s Party Goals:

  •  republicanism (National Assembly).

  •  nationalism (“Turkification”).

  •  populism (for the benefit of
      the people).

  •  statism (state-controlled
      economy).

  •  secularism (free from religious
      control).

  •  reformism.

•  1924 🡪 abolished the caliphate.

aturks reforms

1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith

   • Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.

   • Secular education.

   • Ministry of Religious Affairs
     abolished.

   • Sharia courts closed 🡪 new
     secular courts.

2.  Western-style clothing

   • Forbid the wearing of the fez 🡪

   • Western-style men’s suits.

   • Attacked the veiling of women.

3. Language Reform:

   • Roman alphabet replaced the
     Arabic script.

   • Literacy in new alphabet
     required for government
     positions.

4.  State Socialism:

   • State banks established to
     finance government-controlled
     businesses.

5.  Adoption of a Surname.

why was muhammad a popular governor

• reduced the power of religious leaders and wealthy landowners (consolidating power…)

• Helped improve farming and encouraged Egyptians to join the world trade network (populism)

why was britain intrewsted in colonizing egypt

suez canal and oil

The great game major players

were Britain and Russia, competing for influence in Central Asia during the 19th century. to get iran