APUSH CH 14 DBQ Key Terms

Conscription

Drafts used by both the Union and Confederacy, where wealthy men could avoid service by hiring candidates to go in their stead or paying fees to get out of it. Sparked class resentment and unrest, resulting in the NYC Draft riots that revealed Northern home-front tensions and opposition to war.

Border States

slave states that didn’t secede - MO, KY, WVA (formed during civil war), MA, and DE. They were significant for protecting the US capitol and key rivers and regions. Influenced Lincoln’s cautious approach to emancipation early on.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who were against war and wanted peace with the Confederacy.

Election of 1860

Lincoln’s election into office without any Southern electoral votes because of a four way race split. This was an immediate trigger for secession as the South saw Lincoln’s election as the end of their protection for their interests of continuing slavery since Lincoln was seen as a threat to slavery.

Deep South vs. Upper South vs. Border States

Different regions in the South that had different involvements in the war. The deep south seceeded first, the upper south seceded after Fort Sumter, and the Border states stayed in the Union. Shows how geography and slavery intensity shaped the loyaly and military strategy of the different Southern regions.

Jefferson Davis

The president of the Confederacy; a former US senator and Sec of War. He struggled being a commanding leader and struggled with states’ rights ideology that weakened centralized Confederate leadership.

Alexander Stephens

VP of Confederacy. He stated in his Cornerstone speech that slavery and white supremacy were the Confederacy’s foundation and key to fighting for through the war (motivation).

Fort Sumter

The confederate attack on the Union fort in South Carolina. Official start of the Civil War and pushed Upper South states to secede.

PGT Beauregard

Confederate general at Fort Sumter and First Bull Run. Got early CONF victories that boosted Southern morale and confidence at the beginning of the war.

Union and Confederate advantages

Union: industry, population, railroads, navy, bigger army, and agriculture mechanisms to make it efficient.

Confederacy: military leadership, defensive war, home-field advantage.
SIG: Explains why war went on for so long despite Union superiority.

Union Blockade of the South

Naval blockade ordered by Lincoln, blocking CONF ports as apart of the Anaconda Plan. It crippled the Southern economy and ability to trade cotton for supplies.

First Bull Run (aka Manassas)

CONG victory near DC. Conveyed the idea that the war would be short since it forced both sides to fully mobilize and showed how the South was a lot more powerful against the very wealthy and advantageous Union.

Stonewall Jackson

CONF general known for speed and disciple, who fought in Virginia. He strengthened CONF military reputation early in the war.

George McClellan

Union general who was an excellent organizer of the Army of the Potomac, though overly cautious in battle. He missed chances to destroy Lee’s army since he overestimated Lee’s numbers. Exemplifies slow start to the war for the Union, as well as earlier military failures. He also ran for President against Lincoln, giving him a run for his money.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general who used total war and attrition. He was later a commander of all Union forces. His strategy broke Confederate resistance and led to victory. He was the person who ultimately won the war for the Union.

Battle of Shiloh

A major surprise attack on the Union in Tennessee where the Union wins but with many causalities and showed the war’s brutality and bloody nature.

Robert E. Lee

CONG commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. His military brilliance prolonged the war despite the South having fewer resources than the Union BY FAR.

Second Bull Run

Lee wins a decisive battle that pushed Lee to invade the North, leading to Antietam.

Anaconda Plan

Union’s attempt to control Miss. River and block the eastern seaboard to cut south in two and suppress their economy. They blockaded ports and controlled the river transport. This strangled the CONG economically and geographically over time.

Battle at Fredericksburg

Union’s assaults that failed against entrenched Confederates. Showed new war tactics that had a strong defensive line wipe out an attacking offense. Gen. Burnside vs Gen. Lee

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln frees the slaves in the rebelling states of the CONF, technically nothing but a symbolic shift to the war being over slavery other than other nuances like keeping the union together or doing it for God’s vision of spreading democracy and liberty everywhere. This discouraged European support for the Confederacy.

Habeas Corpus

Lincoln suspending this constitutional right as suspected Confederate sympathizers and supporters were held jailed without trial or charge. Showed the growing executive power, some conflict on the war behind the scenes in the North. Also shows how wartime power suppressed civil liberties during this dire time for unity in the North.

Antietam

The bloodiest day of the war and US history where the Union wins against Lee. Turning point as Europe decided not to help the South because they didn’t win and boosted confidence in the North. Allowed Lincoln to have enough backing and confidence to issue the Emancipation Proclamation so the act didn’t look like an act of desperation and rather a sign of strength to focus on freedom.

Battle of Gettysburg/Gettysburg Address

The 1863 Union victory. Lincoln’s speech where he brought attention to fulfilling the Dec. of Ind. He reframed the war as a fight for equality and democracy promised under DOI. Turning point militarily and ideologically.

Clara Barton

Civil War nurse who started and presided as President of the Red Cross after pushing for women to work as Civil War nurses as women’s rights movement was on pause during the war and would come up again after the war after more realization of needing rights when they helped during the war. She also pushed for US to agree and be at Geneva convention. She expanded women’s roles and professionalized wartime medial care to be done by women primarily.

William T. Sherman

Union General famous for the March to the Sea through captured Atlanta to Savannah to Columbia, South Carolina. He destroyed Southern morale and infrastructure, also controlling transportation and economic power of Atlanta as a railroad and infrastructure center for the South.

Election of 1864

Lincoln defeated Democratic candidate George McClellan. Public endorsement of continuing the war and emancipation bus McClellan wouldn’t have and would have surrounded which people also saw and realized. Sherman’s capture of Atlanta secured Lincoln’s momentum and reelection.

Hampton Roads Conference

1864 when Jefferson Davis tied to negotiate peace but Lincoln refuses anything other than a surrender of the South, reunion, and emancipation. Shows CONF desparation towards the end of the war and Lincoln’s committment to seeing the victory out to get the South back in the union and emancipation sealed.

Appomattox Courthouse

1865 where Lee and Grant work out terms of surrender as Lee surrendered to Grant when surrounded. Effectively ended the Civil War.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassin of Lincoln who was an actor and Southern supporter. Altered Reconstruction’s course by removing Lincoln’s moderate leadership as he tried to appeal to as many as possible and avoid extreme further conflict as he would have tried to keep the Union together and working together in the Reconstruction era.

Contextualization

Leading up to the Civil War

• The United States became increasingly divided along sectional lines over the expansion of slavery into new western territories.

• Political actions such as the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 were failed attempts by the federal government to settle these disputes, leading to further division as violence ensued in the Bleeding Kansas fights.

• The Deep South seceded from the Union after Lincoln was elected, who was seen as against the interests of the South, primarily slavery, which eventually led to the establishment of the Confederacy that started the Civil War at Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC.

Causes of Civil War

• Territorial Expansion

• Failure of political parties: Fall of Whigs led to rise of Republicans, sectional parties, and win of Republicans in a Republican dominated government as Lincoln was PREZ as Democratic party fractured on sectional lines.

• Weak Leaders: Prez James Buchanan caused sectional differences through supporting the expansion of slavery.

• Perceptions of North/South: Diagreed over slavery as North saw as danger to industrialization and freedom of reaping benefits of ones own work and South saw a supporting their economy based on freedom from controlling the work of others to reap benefits.

• Constitional debate (state vs fed power): South wanted more autonomy and less restrictions and restrictions were limited from the government over the states as slavery became unregulated under the Dred Scott case.

Some other specific causes

• Bleeding Kansas

• Bleeding Sumner (canning of Sumner)

• Dred Scott decision: only whites are citizens so Blacks can’t sue, and government can’t stop slavery anywhere. Strengthened sectional differences.

• Lecompton Constitution: A proposed Kansas Constitution that was proslavery and was never voted on by the people of Kansas. Blocked by Douglas and Republicans, leading to Kansas being admitted as a free state.

• LD Debates: intensified sectional conflict by advocating for different sides of the expansion of slavery, fracturing national political parties, elevating Lincoln’s prominence = election and civil war.

• John Brown attack (Harpers Ferry): intensified sectional differences and popularizing Northern abolitionism. Destroying possibility of compromise.

• Election of 1860: Between Lincoln, Bell, Breckinridge, and Douglas. Lincoln's victory led to Southern secession.

Turning points

• Fort Sumter: crisis to war. Political tension to armed conflict as North and South forced into sectional conflict.

• First Bull Run: Realization of long war and led to mass mobilization

• Antietam: Gave Lincoln the assurance and morale to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

  • Preventing Britain and France from recognizing and supporting Confederacy

  • Led to masses of slaves fighting for Union

• Emancipation Proclamation: shifted the view of the war from being about preserving the union to about slavery

  • Also Blacks joined army

• Gettysburg: Confederate momentum broken and Union victory put morale, motivation, and momentum in the North as Lee retreated.

• Vicksburg: Union control lower Mississippi River and continue to divide Confederacy by limiting economy and splitting in two. Also gave momentum to North.

• Grant and Sherman: limited warfare to total warfare, destruction, and attrition and huge success against Lee and the Confederates as Grant took on Lee and Sherman destroyed Southern morale and infrastructure

• Capture of Atlanta: Secured Lincoln win in election of 1864 as there was low morale before and lack of belief in Lincoln leading a successful war.

• Election of 1864: Showed how the Union’s citizenry were in full support of finishing this war and securing the union and emancipation. It also showed how they weren’t up for surrender.

• Appomattox: Armed conflict into reunification as Lee and Grant work out terms of surrender after Lee surrendered to Grant when surrounded. Set the tone for reconcilation.

Contrabands

Escaped slaves from the South that went to Union lines to fight and seek freedom. They were taken as property legally taken from the opposite side during war time.

Confiscation Acts

Passed by Radical Republicans in Congress to formally emancipate contrabands, suppressing Southern economy to win the war.

What encouraged emancipation proc?

Contraband issue, Confiscation Acts, and Antietam

Lincolns efforts to unify?

• Gettysburg address described how to achieve the goals of truly becoming the nation of liberty that they were set out to be under the Declaration of Independence, they had to abolish slavery and win the war to secure that notion of all men are created equal and secure principals of liberties it was founded on.

• 2nd Inaugural Address showed that slavery caused the war but he sought healing as a nation and reconcilation to unify the nation again, setting up his plans for Reconstruction era.

Continuities throughout Civil War

• Slavery remainded central to the conflict

• Sectional hostility between the North and South

• Civilian Hardship and Home-Front Strain as there was significant econmic strain in the South and dissent in the North AND total war

• Federal Power continued to expand - habeaus corpus, conscription, eman proc, anaconda code, income tax and banking and printed money

• Racial inequality - divided troops