251 Exam 1

Carbohydrates - monomer, polymer, bond, function

monosaccharide

polysaccharide

glycosidic linkage

short term energy storage, plant structure

Fats/Oils - monomer, polymer, bond, function

fatty acid

triglyceride

ester bond

energy storage

phospholipids - structure and function

polar phosphate heat, 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails

forms membranes

saturated fatty acids - structure and function

chain of hydrocarbons fully saturated with hydrogens, straight tail (no kink)

tail in phospholipids, allows them to be closely packed letting membrane be more solid, better for higher temps

unsaturated fatty acids - structure and function

chain of hydrocarbons not fully saturated, one or more double bond in chain between carbons making it kink

tail in phospholipids, spaces phospholipids out more allowing for higher fluidity at lower temperatures, better for low temps

Sterols and steroids - category and function

Cholesterols (type of lipid)

regulates membrane fluidity

Proteins - monomer, polymer, bond, function

amino acid

polypeptide

covalent peptide bond

enzymes, structure, immune, transport

nucleic acids - monomer, polymer, bond, function

nucleotide

nucleic acid

phosphodiester bond

genetic storage, genetic expression, ATP

prokaryotes

bacteria + archaea

Ribosome size - pro vs eu

70s vs 80s

Glycocalyces - on what, types, function

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

capsule (tight) and slime layer (S layer, loose)

prevent dehydration, helps attachment, biofilms, recognition (prevention or allowing)

Fimbriae - on what, function

bacteria, archaea

attachment, important in biofilms

Pili - on what, function

bacteria

transfer of DNA

Hami - on what, function

archaea

attachment (looks like grappling hook)

Endospores - on what, function

bacteria

dormant state for protection against harsh conditions

Cell wall - on what, function

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

protection against osmotic forces (plasmolysis + lysing), attachment, shape/structure, helps bacteria resist antimicrobial drugs (or we can target them)

Peptidoglycan - on what, materials, linked by

bacteria

made of 2 sugar monomers, NAM, NAG

linked by 4 amino acids, peptide cross bridges

Gram-positive - on what, structure, materials

bacteria

thick wall of peptidoglycan outside of cell membrane

contains teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids (touch the lipid bilayer)

some have waxy mycolic acid which helps avoid staining and drugs, ex mycobacterium

Gram-negative - on what, structure, materials

bacteria

thin wall of peptidoglycan between 2 membranes

outer membrane is called LPS, contains lipid A/endotoxin

Gram-pos vs. neg

Helped to identify bacteria, stain differently

Pos stains purple while neg stains pink

Mycoplasma - what and why special

bacteria, no cell wall, can’t use traditional stain

Mycobacterium - what and why special

gram pos bacteria, has waxy mycolic acid, makes it hard to stain and resistant to some drugs

Flagella - on what, functions, different types

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

movement

monotrichous (one at one end), amphitrichous (two, at opposite ends), lophotrichous (many at one end), peritrichous (all over), endoflagella/axial filament (spiral around cell, moves in corkscrew motion)

Cilia - on what, function

eukarya

movement

Vacuole vs vesicle

vacuoles are larger, permanent storage structures, while vesicles are smaller, temporary transport vehicles

Peroxisome

found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells that handle metabolic oxidation and detoxification

Cocci

round shaped bacteria

Bacilli

rod shaped bacteria

strepto

chain arrangement of bacteria

staphyl

cluster arrangement of bacteria

palisades

lined up rods like a picket fence of bacteria

spirochete/spirillum

spiral shaped bacteria

vibrio

curved rod shaped bacteria

active transport

movement against gradient requiring energy, uses transport protein

Cell - what must it contain

DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

Viruses are acellular cause hey do not have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or cellular organelles like ribosomes and mitochondria

Endo/exocytosis - what and who does it

transport of materials across cell membranes using vesicles

eukarya

endosymbiotic theory - what, evidence

chloroplasts + mitochondria were bacteria previously

they have their own membranes, own DNA (circular too), own ribosomes same size as bacteria (70s)

mutualism - A and B

A helped

B helped

amensalism - A and B

A unaffected

B harmed

commensalism - A and B

A helped

B unaffected

parasitism - A and B

A harmed

B benefits

Taxonomy - what and how

science of classification

name organism with Genus species

ex Homo sapien

Archaea uniqueness - 3 things

No diseases, cell membranes have branched chain fatty acids, stronger ether bonds in membrane

halophile

organism that loves salt

thermophiles

organism that loves high heat

methanogens

organism that makes methane

Prokaryote reproduction

Asexual only

Mostly binary fission, also spores and budding

Mitosis

asexual, 2n → 2n, 1 cell → 2 cells, same amt DNA, identical genetically

Meiosis

sexual, 2n → n, 1 cell → 4 cells, half as much DNA, different genetically

Coenocytes

multinucleated cells, happens when no cytokinesis (splitting of cytoplasm into 2 cells)

occurs in some algae or fungi

Fungi - what, examples, food source

eukaryote

molds (multicellular), yeasts (unicellular)

heterotrophic - get organic carbon from eating other organisms, no photosynthesis

Algae - what, food source

eukaryote

phototrophic - use photosynthesis to turn inorganic carbon (CO2) into food

can be unicellular or multi

Helminths

eukaryote

parasitic worms

Vectors

carry pathogens from one location to another

mechanical vector - only carries pathogen (pathogen on flies foot)

biological vector - also serves as a host (pathogen growing in flies salivary gland)

Protozoa

eukaryote

unicellular

no cell wall

Perichondroum

Dense irregular CT surrounds cartilage of developing bone

Macrophages

White blood cells

Mast cells

Immune cells starting inflammation

Collagen fibers

Main fibers for connective tissues

Histopathology

Study of diseased tissues