Building Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles

Prokaryote

The smallest independent unit of life, classified mainly into two groups: bacteria and archaea.

Bacteria

One of the two main groups of prokaryotes, with a focus on their structure and function.

Archaea

A group of prokaryotes that thrive in extreme environments, often studied for their unique biological processes.

Plasma Membrane

The outer barrier of a cell that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

DNA

The genetic material present in all living organisms, crucial for storing and accessing genetic information.

Ribosome

A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.

Cytosol

The fluid component inside the cell membrane, excluding organelles and the nucleus.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that provides structural support and shape to the cell.

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

A measure that affects cell size, where increasing surface area while minimizing volume is necessary for efficient transport of materials.

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A process in some plant and fungal cells that enhances the movement of materials within the cytoplasm.

Integral Membrane Protein

A protein that spans the entire membrane, functioning in transport and communication.

Endomembrane System

A group of organelles involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids within the cell.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

An organelle responsible for lipid synthesis and the production of steroid hormones.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

An organelle studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and processing.

Lysosome

An organelle containing enzymes for breaking down waste and excess cellular material.

Peroxisome

An organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

Mitochondria

Double-membraned organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP through respiration.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Symbiotic Relationship

An interaction between two different organisms where both species benefit, such as the relationship between eukaryotic cells and engulfed bacteria.

Transport Proteins

Proteins that assist in the movement of substances across a cell membrane.