Abdomen, GI/GU, Musculoskeletal and Neurobehavioral Assessment

Flashcards covering abdomen, GI/GU observations, musculoskeletal terminology and assessments, and neurobehavioral reflex evaluations in newborns.

Stool Timing

Most stool occurs within $24$ to $48$ hours of age.

Bilious Emesis

Vomiting of bile that requires medical attention right away.

Diastasis Recti

A separation of the abdominal muscle that goes straight up and down the side of the umbilical cord.

Liver Palpation

Normally palpable $1-2\,cm$ below the costal margin at the midclavicular line.

Spleen Palpation

Should not be palpable; the ability to palpate indicates an enlarged spleen.

Exstrophy of bladder

Eversion and protrusion of the bladder through an abdominal wall defect, often associated with epispadias.

Testicular torsion

Twisting of the testis on its spermatic cord characterized by a hard, swollen, red to bluish red scrotum that does not transilluminate; it is a surgical emergency.

Foreskin (prepuce)

Covers the entire head of the penis; adherent to the glans is called physiological phimosis.

Hypospadias

A condition where the urethral meatus is located on the ventral surface of the penis rather than at the central tip.

DSD (Ambiguous genitalia)

Disorder of Sexual Development considered if the phallic structure is not clearly male or female, meatus is abnormally located, or gonads are not palpable.

Clitoromegaly

An $8-10$ fold increase in clitoris size.

Hydrocolpos

Distention of the vagina, often from incomplete canalization or an imperforate hymen.

Flexion

Bending a limb at the joint.

Abduction

Moving a limb away from the midline of the body.

Dorsiflexion

Flexion of the foot toward the back where the forefoot is higher than the ankle.

Valgus

A limb or joint bent outward or twisted away from the midline of the body.

Crepitus

A grating sensation indicating a broken clavicle, which is one of the most common birth injuries.

Sprengels deformity

A condition where the scapula is winged or elevated.

Myelomeningocele

A neural tube defect where the meninges and sometimes the spinal cord protrude into a sac-like structure.

Ortolani maneuver

A test of hip reduction where the femoral head is moved from a dislocated position back into the acetabulum; a "positive" result is a palpable "clunk" on abduction.

Barlow maneuver

A test of hip dislocation where the femoral head is moved from within the acetabulum to a dislocated position; a "positive" result is a "clunk" on adduction.

Genu recurvatum

Congenital hyperextension of the knee.

Syndactyly

Congenital webbing of the fingers or toes.

Polydactyly

The presence of extra digits, most commonly on the radial or ulnar side of the hand.

Phasic tone

Resistance to passive movement, such as the scarf sign or arm/leg recoil.

Quiet alert state

An awake state characterized by minimal motor activity and focus on stimuli.

Rooting reflex

A reflex where the infant turns their head toward the side of the cheek that is stroked; onset at $28$ weeks and well-established by $32-34$ weeks.

Doll's eyes reflex

Conjugate movement of the eyes opposite the direction of head rotation, indicating intact brain stem control for eye movement.

Truncal Incurvation reflex (Galant)

Flexion of the spine toward the side stimulated when pressure is applied with the thumb parallel to the spine while the infant is in ventral suspension.

Babinski reflex

Extension or flexion of the toes following stimulation of the sole; it typically disappears by $12$ months.