HOTA Independence Movements Test (Chapters 4-6)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Fort Necessity

A hastily built fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

Gen. Braddock

Major-general in the British Army. He was dispatched to America in 1754 to restore and strengthen British positions in the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region after the defeat of George Washington at Fort Necessity; defeated at Fort Duquesne and killed

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Leader of the Federalists

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence

3rd President of the United States

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts passed by Federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government. Signed by President John Adams

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Emancipation

the freeing of slaves

Yeoman Farmers

family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

VA and KY Resolutions

political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. Secretly written by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River

Embargo Act

1807 act which prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and the economy. Repealed in 1809.

Federalists/Democratic-Republicans

The first two political parties. Alexander Hamilton led the Federalists and Thomas Jefferson led the Democratic-Republicans

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Francisco de Miranda

A Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary.

Cartagena Manifesto

Written by Simón Bolívar during the Colombian and Venezuelan War of Independence, after the fall of the First Republic, explaining with great detail and precision what he believed to be the causes of this loss

The Liberator

a name for Simon Bolivar, who liberated Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama.

Bernardo O'Higgins

The chief revolutionary leader of Chilean independence. Established as supreme dictator.

Peninsula Wars

The war in Spain and Portugal from 1808-14. Britain, Portugal and Spain fought against France.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Burning of Washington

took place on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812. British forces occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg

Lord Strangford

Britain's sole diplomatic representative on the South American mainland in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Maintained British influence and negotioated beneficial trade rights for Britain with Brazil.

James Monroe

the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

John Quincy Adams

Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

Era of Good Feeling

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Rush Bagot Treaty

1817; The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Seminoles

A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war and were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Cuba

Island south of Florida that was under Spanish control. US warned that an attack on Cuba would result in intervention from the US.

Panama Conference

Summoned by the Venezuelan revolutionary leader, Simon Bolivar, in 1826 to discuss commercial treaties, adopt a code of international law, and arrive at a common Latin American policy toward Spain. Two delegates were sent by the U.S., but were delayed so long that when they got there the meeting was over.

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Manumission Laws

the right of the states to allow slave owners to release their slaves if they want to. These were relaxed in the post-revolutionary south, as no further measures could be taken without controversy

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787/ Established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Newburg Conspiracy

A plot hatched in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War resulting from the fact that many of the officers and men of the Continental Army had not received pay for many years.

Shays' Rebellion

armed uprising in Massachusetts in which American Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels (called Shaysites) in a protest against perceived economic and civil rights injustices.

Constitution

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society

Federalists/Anti-Federalists

Those favoring ratification of the Constitution and adoption of a strong federal government were called Federalists. Those opposed, feared the power of the national government and were called Anti-Federalists. They wanted more protections for the rights of the states and the individual.

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. Resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators.

Creole Dominance

Creoles were the main beneficiary of independence; Dominated all aspects of life—political, social, economic; Filled gap with departure of peninsulares

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Conservative/Liberal

Liberals look toward making changes. They encourage government to take an active role in the economy though would prefer the government to stay out of private moral questions. Conservatives try to hold on to winning principles of the past. They encourage government to respect the free enterprise system by staying out of the economy. Conservatives hold to traditional values.

Liberal Constitutionalism

A system that combines the right to individual freedom with the right to representative government.

Caudillismo/Caudillos

A political system where a caudillo - a Latin America dictator -ruled; were usually Creole military leaders

Texas Independence

American slave owners revolted against the Mexican government when they banned slavery. This created disputes over the land's ownership.

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

United Provinces of Central America

federation established in 1823, containing the present-day nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica

Pedro I

Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.

Pedro II

was the second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Became emperor at age 5, when his father abdicated.