Science - Chapter 16: Reproduction in Human

What is reproduction?

When a parent produces an offspring

What is sexual reproduction?

Reproduction requiring the fusing of the male and female sex cells

What are the parts of the male reproductive system?

• Penis

• Urethra

• Testes

• Sperm Duct

• Scrotum

• Prostate Gland

What is the male sex cell called?

Sperm

What is the function of the sperm duct?

Transporting sperm from the testes to the urethra

What is the function of the testes?

To produce sperm

What is the function of the urethra?

• Excreting urine

• During sexual reproduction, it is used to transport sperm.

What is the function of the penis?

Depositing the sperm into the vagina

What is the function of the scrotum?

To keep the testes cool

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Provides nutrients to the sperm.

Why is the testes found outside the body?

The internal body temperature is too high for sperm to survive

How long is the human sperm cell?

0.06mm long

What are the parts of the sperm

• Head

• Midpiece

• Tail

What is the function of the head of the sperm?

Contains nucleus which carries the characteristics of the male parent.

What is the function of the mid-piece of the sperm?

Provides energy to the tail for the sperm to swim.

What is the function of the tail of the sperm?

Allowing the sperm to swim towards the ovum

What are the parts of the female reproductive system?

• Uterus

• Vagina

• Oviduct

• Ovary

• Cervix

What is the female sex cell called?

Egg or ovum

What is the function of the uterus?

Where the foetus develops during pregnancy.

What is the function of the vagina?

• Where the sperm is deposited

• The foetus leaves the uterus through the vagina during birth

What is the function of the oviduct?

Where the egg is fertilised

What is the function of the ovary?

Producing female sex cells

What is the function of the cervix?

Allow the passage of the foetus during birth.

How many mature eggs does the ovary produce during the lifetime of the female?

250

How long is the diameter of the egg?

0.1mm

What are the parts of the egg?

• Cytoplasm

• Cell membrane

• Nucleus

What is the function of the nucleus found in the egg?

Carrying the characteristics of the female parent.

What is the largest cell found in the human body?

Egg

What is puberty?

When your body starts to mature, physically.

When does puberty take place in guys?

12-14 years old

When does puberty take place in girls?

10-12 years old

What chemical does your reproductive organs release during puberty

Hormones

What are the physical changes in a boy during puberty?

• Developing facial and body hair

• Voice 'breaks' and deepens

• Shoulders widen and height increases

• Testes mature and produces sperm

• Body becomes muscular

• Pubic hair starts growing

• Penis enlarges

What are the physical changes in a girl during puberty?

• Hair grows in an armpits

• Breasts grow bigger

• Hips widen and become rounder

• Ovaries mature and release eggs

• Menstruation starts

• Pubic hair starts growing

What are the 4 main stages of menstruation?

• Menstruation

• Repair of uterus lining

• Ovulation

• Thickening of uterus lining

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

28 days or 4 weeks

How long does each stage of the menstrual cycle last?

• Menstruation (1st-5th day)

• Repair of uterus lining (6th-10th day)

• Ovulation (11th-17th day)

• Thickening of uterus lining (18th-28th day)

What happens during menstruation

Uterine lining is discharged as blood which makes the lining thinner.

What happens during the repair of uterine lining?

Uterine lining will become thick and spongy with blood vessels​

What happens during ovulation?

Ovulation is the release of ovum into the oviduct ​

When is the average day of ovulation?

14th day

What happens during the thickening of the uterus lining?

Maintaining and further thickening of the uterine lining to prepare for fertilized egg to attach

What is fertilisation?

When a sperm fuses with the egg, it forms a fertilised cell.

What is a zygote?

fertilized egg

What is implantation?

The attachment of the embryo in the uterine lining​

How long does pregnancy last?

9 months

What happens if fertilisation doesn't occur?

The lining breaks down and menstruation occurs.

What are STIs?

Sexually Transmitted Infections are infections that can be transferred from one person to another through any type of sexual contact.

What are examples of STIs?

• Syphilis

• Gonnorhoea

• Chlamydia

• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

What organism causes syphilis?

Bacterium

What are the signs and symptoms of syphilis?

Stage 1: Sores on various body parts Stage 2: Body rashes Stage 3: Paralysing or blindness

What organism causes gonnorhoea?

Bacterium

What are the signs and symptoms of Gonnorhoea

• Yellow pus is discharged at the end of the urethra

• A burning sensation is experienced when urinating

• In women, pus from the vagina may spread to the uterus and oviducts

What organism causes chlamydia?

Bacterium

Why is chlamydia the 'silent' disease?

Signs and symptoms do not appear which makes the bacterium able to spread easily.

What are the symptoms of chlamydia in women?

• Unusual vaginal discharge

• Pain passing urine

• Lower abdominal pain

What are symptoms of chlamydia in men?

• Cloudy discharge

• Pain passing urine

• Pain in the testes

What organism causes AIDS?

Virus (HIV)

What are symptoms of AIDS?

• Fall sick easily

• Severe weight loss

• Chronic diarrhoea and fever

• Lung infection

• Cancer of blood vessel

• Brain infection

What causes of the spread of HIV.

• Sexual activity with an infected person

• Sharing injection needles with an infected person

• Infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth

• Blood transfusion if the donated blood comes from an infected donor

How to prevent the spread of STIs?

• Don't have any sexual relations with anyone except your spouse

• Don't abuse drugs or share needles

• Don't share instruments that may break the skin and be contaminated with blood

• Make sure that skin-piercing instruments are sterilised before used on you

How does the baby develop?

Fertilisation -> Zygote -> Foetus -> Baby

What happens if syphilis is left untreated

Insanity or death

What happens if a mother infexted with gonorrhoea gives birth?

The bacteria will enter the baby’s eyes lesding them to be blind

What happens if chlamydia is left untreated?

-infertility

-in pregnant women: chlamydia may cuse the babies to be born with conjunctivitis and pneumonia

What are the function of hormones?

Cause your body to change

What happens after fertilisation?

The zygote divides to form a ball of cells called the embryo. The embryo travels along the oviduct into the uterus where it will attach to the uterine lining

What element should girls be supplied with after menstruation?

Iron

After fertilizatuon occurs, how does the zygote prevent other sperms from entering it?

Forming a thick wall