4.5 to 4.8 vocab

Capital

Wealth in the form of money or assets used for investment and production.

Price Revolution

A period of rising prices in Europe (16th-17th century) driven by the influx of silver and increased demand for goods.

Joint-stock companies

Businesses owned by shareholders that pooled resources for trade and colonization, reducing individual risk.

Triangle Trade

A system of transatlantic trade linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas, exchanging goods, enslaved people, and raw materials.

Monopolies

The exclusive control by a company or state over the trade or production of a particular commodity.

Audiencias

Spanish colonial courts established to oversee legal and administrative matters in the Americas.

Syncretism

The blending of different religious, cultural, or philosophical traditions into a new system.

Santería

A syncretic religion combining African Yoruba beliefs with Roman Catholicism, practiced in the Caribbean.

Vodun

A West African religion that blends indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity, commonly practiced in Haiti.

Candomblé

A Brazilian syncretic religion that merges African religious traditions with Catholicism.

Virgin of Guadalupe

A Catholic symbol of the Virgin Mary associated with Mexican identity and indigenous conversion to Christianity.

Metacom's War

A conflict between Native American groups and English settlers in New England (1675-1678), also known as King Philip's War.

Nzinga

Queen of Ndongo and Matamba in Central Africa, known for resisting Portuguese colonization through diplomacy and military tactics.

Viceroys

Royal officials who governed large territories on behalf of a monarch, particularly in Spanish colonies.

Steppes

Vast, grassy plains in Eurasia, home to nomadic pastoral societies.

Maratha Empire

A Hindu empire in India (1674-1818) that successfully resisted Mughal dominance and expanded its influence.

Yemelyan Pugachev

Leader of a major Cossack and peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in Russia (1773-1775).

Pueblo Revolt

A 1680 uprising of indigenous Pueblo people against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico.

Maroon Wars

Conflicts between runaway enslaved Africans (Maroons) and colonial forces in the Caribbean, especially Jamaica.

Gloucester County Rebellion

A 1663 failed plot by enslaved Africans and white indentured servants to revolt in Virginia.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of King James II of England, leading to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under William and Mary.

James II

Last Catholic monarch of England, overthrown during the Glorious Revolution for his pro-Catholic policies.

Timur

A Central Asian conqueror in the 14th century, founder of the Timurid Empire, known for his military campaigns across Asia.

Akbar the Great

Mughal emperor (1556-1605) renowned for his military conquests, religious tolerance, and cultural patronage.

Harem

The separate living quarters for women in a Muslim household, particularly in royal families.

Roxelana

The wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, known for her influence in court politics.

Queues (in Qing China)

A hairstyle required by the Qing dynasty for Chinese men, symbolizing submission to Manchu rule.

Louis XIV

French king (1643-1715) known for his absolutist rule and the construction of the Palace of Versailles.

Sephardic Jews

Jews of Spanish and Portuguese descent, many of whom were expelled during the Inquisition and dispersed across Europe and the Americas.

Mestizos

People of mixed European and indigenous ancestry in the Spanish colonies.

Mulattos

People of mixed European and African ancestry in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

Zambos

People of mixed African and indigenous ancestry in the Spanish colonies.

Barbary Pirates

Pirates from North Africa who raided European ships and coastal towns, capturing slaves and demanding tribute.

Castas

A hierarchical system of race classification in the Spanish colonies based on the mixture of European, African, and indigenous ancestry.

Criollos

People of Spanish descent born in the Americas, often resented their lower status compared to peninsulares.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born colonists in the Americas who held the highest social and political positions.

Li Chengdong

A Chinese general under the Ming dynasty known for his loyalty during the fall of the Ming and brutal suppression of rebellions.

Lin Liangzuo

A Chinese general who served the Qing dynasty, aiding in their consolidation of power over China.