Kinesiology 2000 Final

Sports Medicine

Any professional associated with the medical and therapeutical aspect of sports participation and physical activity

Physical Fitness

ABILITY of the body to ADJUST to the demands and stresses of PHYSICAL EFFORT (a measure of health)

Physical Activity

Any MOVEMENT carried out by the skeletal muscles requiring ENERGY

Components of Physical Fitness

Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, Cardio/respiratory Endurance, Flexibility, Body Composition, & Psychomotor Ability

Stress (component of fitness)

Ability of a muscle to do work

Power (component of fitness)

Ability to generate force quickly

Endurance (component of fitness)

Ability to sustain the force over time

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

- Requires oxygen to get to muscles

- Aerobic Function

Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction

ATP, Oxygen, Glucose, Fat

Metabolic Syndrome

Cluster of conditions (Obesity, Hyperinsulinemia, Elevated triglycerides, Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes)

Exercise

is medicine! (decrease rates of cancer and other illnesses )

Health Assessment

Body Comp, Fitness Assessment, Wellness Assessment, and Risk

Overweight

Total body weight (fat) above a recommended range of good health

Obesity

Severely overweight and over-fat; excessive accumulation of body fat

Female Athlete Triad

3 interrelated disorders (Abnormal eating patterns & excessive exercising -- Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) -- Premature osteoporosis)

Relative Risk

Helps determine risk of disease

(Condition absent or present) Formula: (a/(a+b)) / (c/(c+d))

Biometrics

- Height, weight, BMI

- Blood pressure

- Cholesterol

- Triglycerides

Activity Scales

Tegner, Godin Leisure Questionnaire, Accelerometers - Pedometers

ACSM Guideline for Physical Activity

American adults (18-65) should do 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic activity for 5 days OR 20-min of vigorous activity for 3 days

Different ways to look at human Body Composition

Medical (health), Anthropological, Performance & Appearance (MAPA)

Body Composition

The body's relative amounts of fat mass and fat-free mass (bone, water, muscle, connective and organ tissues, teeth)

Essential Fat

- Crucial for normal body functioning

- 3-5% of total body weight in males

- 8-12% in females

- consists of fat stored in major organs, muscles & central nervous systems

- important for functioning

Nonessential Fat

adipose tissue (distributed in trunks, thighs, legs, arms)

Fat-Free Body Mass (FFM)

Body mass devoid of all extractable fat

FFM = Body Mass - Fat Mass

(Fat mass = Body mass (kg) * % Body Fat)

Lean Body Mass (LBM)

an In-vivo concept essential for normal physiological functioning throughout the life span (different from FFM because includes "lipid-rich" essential fat stores in bone marrow, brain, spinal cord, internal organs -- Includes ESSENTIAL FAT)

The Concept of Minimal Weight

- Lowest you can weigh before compromising FFM stores

- Males: includes 3% essential body fat

- Females: Includes 12% essential and sex-specific fat

Body Composition Measurement

Scale Weight, BMI (body mass index), circumferences (areas on body measured with measuring tape), Waist to Hip Ratio, Near Infrared Interactance, Skinfolds, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, Hydrostatic Weighing, Air Displacement, DEXA

Body Mass Index (BMI)

weight / square of height

Underweight

Waist to Hip Ratio

- 2 circumferences: waist and hip

- Measures provide CV disease risk info (abnormal fat)

- Men: 0.9 - 1.0+ "high"

- Female: 0.75 - 0.85+

Near Infrared Interactance

Method based on light absorption, reflectance

- Probe placed on body & emits infrared light

- Fat absorbs more light than fat-free mass

- The more light absorbed, the higher the fat mass

Skinfolds

Instruments called "calipers" used to asses amount of fat under skin

Subcantaneous Fat

- Fat under skin

- Healthy males 12%

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

A small, painless electrical current passes through body

- Fat impedes current more than fat-free mass

Hydrostatic weighing

- Person weighed in regular environment & under water

- Based on difference can measure body volume to calculate body density

- Body density gives fat percentage

- Higher density = leaner subject

Air Displacement

- Similar to hydrostatic weighing

- Fat percentage can be calculated

- Higher density = leaner subject

Dual Energy X-Ray Apsorptiometry (DEXA)

- Low-radiation dose of dual energy x-ray beams pass over body

- Fat mass can be calculated

Body Image is...

- Mental, Physical, Emotional, Perceptive, and Imaginative

- related to self-esteem

- developed through interactions with others

- contains thoughts, behavior, etc

Men's Image Issues

- Glamorous "macho figures"

- tough

- muscular

- competitive

- athletic

Media Influence on Body Image

- Models, magazines, photoshop, "barbie", mic videos, tv

- Diet and fitness craze

Personal Boundaries Physical Limits

Our skin distinguishes whats inside and outside of us

Personal Psychological Boundaries

A person with strong psychological boundaries helps others but maintains his or her sense of self & has an intrinsic sense of self

Weak psychological boundaries -- has an extrinsic sense of self and finds it painful to be alone or has sex with anyone to feel whole

Psychological and Emotional Limits

- boundaries are based upon how we were held/touched in life

3 A's to Healthy Body Image

Attention -- listening to internal cues

Appreciation -- enjoying the pleasure your body can provide

Acceptance -- accepting what is instead of longing for what is not

Muscle Strength

Ability of muscle to do work

Body Shape in Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Apple

Orthorexia

Fixation on healthy eating

Anatomical position

a common visual reference point(person, erect, palms anterior

Axial Region

main axis of body

Appendicular Region

the Limbs (upper & lower limb)

Superior

Toward the head or upper body

Inferior

Away from head or lower body

Anterior

Toward / at the front of the body

Posterior

Toward / at the back of the body

Medial

Toward the middle of the body

Lateral

Away from the middle of the body / towards outer sides

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part (point of attachment for limb to body

Distal

Farther from the origin/attachement of body

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface "skin"

Deep

Away from the body surface; internal

Ipsilateral

On the same side

Contralateral

On opposite sides

Regional Terms

Cephalic (face), Cervical (throat), Thoracic (chest), Abdominal, Pelvic, Pubic (genital), Upper Limb, Manus, Lower Limb, Pedal

Frontal Plane

Lies vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Sagittal Plane

Lies vertically and divides body into left and right sides

Transverse Plane

Runs horizontally and divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down)

Biomechanics

The study of forces and their effects on living systems

Translational Motion

Movement in a straight line

Angular Motion

Rotational movement about an axis

Center of Gravity

Avg location of distributed weight

- point at which mass is evenly distributed

- the balance point

Base of Support

Area of your feet that is in contact with the floor

(wider your feet are, the larger the base of support)

Center of Pressure

the point of Base of Support (BoS) where the resultant of all ground forces act -- point on foot, where the ground is exerting force back on to your body

Statistics

Refers to the situations where the body or object remains at rest or moving at a constant speed - Equilibrium

Dynamics

Deals with the changes in motion brought on by unbalanced forces

Kinematics

the study of motion w/o consideration to its causes

Kinetics

Study of motion and causes

Newton's Laws of Motion

1st -- if nothing exerts a force on the body, it will keep going strait F = 0 at equilibrium

2nd -- F = ma

3rd -- every force has and equal and opposite force F(1) = - F(2)

Forces

- Internal -- force body creates (muscle create force)

- External -- forces outside body (gravity)

- Internal forces CANNOT produce changes in the motion of the body's COM (center of mass) only external

How to Calculate Forces

Step 1: Draw it

Step 2: Choose an equation

F = F(object) + F(ground) + Body Weight = 0

**look at direction)

F = (-F object) + (-W) + F ground = 0

Step 3: Write what's given

Weight = mg (N)

g = 10 m/sec squared

Mass = kilograms

Givens

Moment Arms

Perpendicular distance between the line of action of force and the axis of rotation

(use Pythagorean theorem)

Torques

Turning effects produced by a force

T = F * moment arm (r or d) = 0

T = 0 at equilibrium

Work

the product of Force ad Displacement

U = F*d

Power

The rate of doing work

P = U/t

Osteokinematics

(Bone Motion)

- Relative motion determined by the excursion of bone relative to ground

- Center of goniometer is placed on axis of joint

Arthrokinematics

(Joint Motion)

- Describes movement of joint surfaces

Movement is Planar (deals with planes)

- Sagittal = Flexion & Extension

- Frontal = Abduction (outward) & Adduction (draw limbs towards the body) (Ex: head moves side to side, movement of limbs in and out)

- Transversal = Rotation (Ex: trunk rotation, moving torso)

Active Range of Motion

using the muscle, the person moves the joint through the arc as far as possible (determines the willingness to move)

Passive Range of Motion

the arc of the joint when the person is relaxed (no muscular work)

(generally more than AROM)

End feel

the "feel" that limits ROM: soft or tissue approx, springy or firm, hard, empty

Goniometry

- Use anatomical landmarks

- Axis placed over joint axis

- Stationary arm -- parallel to the proximal segment

- Moving arm -- parallel to the distal segment

Intra-rater reliability

- determines how well the same person can take a measurement, several times

- mean is used

- see measurement errors

Inter-rater reliability

- determines whether a measure varies between individuals

Factors affecting balance

Muscular weakness (motor), proprioceptive (sensory), ROM deficits , visual impairments

Balance

Process of maintaining body's Center of Gravity within the Base of Support

- dynamic and static process

Kinesthesia

Awareness of movement due to joint and muscle receptors

Limits of Stability (LOS)

As long as your center of gravity is insider your Base of Support, you are within your LOS

Proprioception

Body's ability to transmit position sense - where the part is in space

Coordination

Smooth pattern of activity is produced through a combo of muscles acting together with appropriate intensity and timing

Agility

ability to control the direction of a body or segment during rapid movement

Postural Control System

- Sensory - detection of body motions (visual, vestibular, somatosensory)

- Integration - of sensorimotor info within the CNS

- Execution - of musculoskeletal responses

- Balance is both a static & dynamic process

Sensory organization

- Vision (used to monitor changes in body position)

- Vestibular (know head position in space)

- Somatosensory (know body position in space)