SCSC 105 FINAL

12 GMO crops approved for the US market

1. corn

2. soybeans

3. cotton

4. Potatoes

5. papaya

6. Alfalfa

7. Apples

8. Sugar beets

9. canola

10. squash

11. pink pineapple

12. tomato

Corn

HT, IR

soybeans

HT, IR

Cotton

HT, IR

potatoes

IR, VR

papaya

VR

Alfalfa

HT

Apples

other

Sugar beets

HT

Canola

HT

Squash

VR

Tomato

other

Why are legumes unique in the plant world?

Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen into plant available forms

What is the current world population?

8.1 billion

What is the projected future for world population (2050)?

9.7 billion

Top 5 crops worldwide

1. Sugarcane

2. Corn

3. Rice

4. Wheat

5. Soybean

Top 5 crops in the US

1. Corn

2. Soybean

3. Fruit

4. Tree nuts

5. Melons

Top 5 crops in Texas

1. Hay- forage

2. Corn

3. Cotton

4. Wheat

5. Sorghum

What percentage of total cropland in Texas is organic certified?

1.1%

What percentage of cropland in the US is organic certified?

1.0%

corn

zea mays

Hemp

Cannabis sativa

Rice

Oryza sativa

Soybean

Glycine max

Sorghum

Sorghum bicolor

Briefly describe the two steps in the hybridization process

1. create 2 inbred lines

2. cross 2 inbred lines

What is the name and acronym of the agency that represents agricultural interests in the United States Federal Government?

USDA: The US department of agriculture

What is transpiration and in which direction does it occur?

Moves water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves, which occurs upwards

How many farms are in the US?

1.9 million

What is the average size of a farm?

464 acres

1 acre

43,560 square feet

1 acre

0.404 hectare

List and briefly describe the four types of anatomical plant tissues

1. Dermal tissues

2. Vascular system

3. Meristems

4. Ground tissue

Dermal tissues

outer protective cell layer on the stem and leaves of plants

Vascular System

Moves water, nutrients, and photosynthate through the plant

Meristems

Areas of actively dividing cells- growth

Ground tissues

Provide structure, storage, and support in the plant

Define Critical weed-free period

Window of time in the growing season that weeds cause the largest reduction in yield, and must be controlled

What are the two plant-available forms of nitrogen

Nitrate and ammonium

17 essential elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, iron, manganese, chloride, copper, Zinc, boron, nickel, and molybdenum.

17 essential elements mnemonic

[C HOPKINS CaFe] {B Mn Cl Co/uZn Mo}

C. Hopkins cafe is managed by mine close cousin, Moe

List two risks associated with simplified agroecosystems. Provide a historical example.

Lack of plant diversity and magnified problems; Wheat and dust bowl

List 3 important functions served by soil.

anchors plant, holds nutrients and water, and provides habitat for organisms in the soil.

Identify the 5 soil forming factors

climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time

List the 5 methods for weed control

Prevention, cultural practices, biological control, mechanical or manual control, chemical control

Don't guess

soil test

7 predominant soil order in Texas

Alfisol, aridisol, entisol, inceptisol, mollisol, ultisol, vertisol.

The 6 different fertilization methods

Broadcast, Injection, Banding, pop-up fertilizers, side-dressing, and fertigation

Broadcast

thrown evenly across the entire area in granule form

Injection

Water soluble liquids placed in the soil near the roots

Banding

Applied at planting within 2' of the row

Pop up fertilizers

Placed in the seed bed with seed

Side-dressing

placed in the row during mid season

Fertigation

Injecting the fertilizer into the irrigation water

What is CEC?

Cation exchange capacity

Define agroecosystem

Ecosystems modified to produce food, fiber, and/or shelter

What is a weed

A plant growing where it is not wanted

What is photosynthesis?

Plant using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to creat eoxygen and energy

qualitative traits

How many genes control expression?

- controlled by one or a few genes

How does expression occur?

- expression controlled by genetics

Example: flower color

Quantitative Traits

How many genes control expression?

- Controlled by many genes

How does expression occur?

- The environment influences expression

Example: Plant height, yield

General equation of photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is respiration?

Conversion of sugar to energy (ATP) for use in metabolism by living cells

General equation of respiration

C6H1206 + 6H20 → 6C02 + 6H20

Name the ancestor of modern corn.

Teosinte

List 2 self-pollinating crops

wheat and rice

List 2 cross-pollinating crops

Corn and hemp

List 2 crops that use both types of pollination

Cotton and sorghum

List the five general morphology structures in plants.

1. seeds

2. leaves

3. stems

4. roots

5. Flowers

Seeds

unit of reproduction for a flowering plant

leaves

Where photosynthesis and transpiration occur

roots

Anchor the shoot in soil and support growth of stems. Absorb minerals and water. Provide storage of energy reserves.

Stems

Provide vertical support

Flowers

Reproductive structures in plants

Name 3 of Norman Borlaug's major accomplishments.

Father of the green revolution. Won the Nobel Peace Prize. Saved a billion people.

What are the 3 myths about organic production?

Organic crops are better for your health. Organic farming doesn't use any pesticides. Organic farming is always better for the environment.

Zen Honeycuttt

Founder of "Moms Across America", B.A. Fashion Design; Against

Charles Benbrook

Former Professor Univ. of Washington (PhD Ag Economics); AGAINST

Margret Willie

Hawaii County Council Member (M Ed. Education, JD Law); Against

Robert Fraley

Chief Technical Officer at Monsanto (PhD microbiology and biochemistry); For

Allison Van Eenennaam

Professor, Science Communicator, UC Davis (PhD Genetics)

Dennis Gonsalves

Professor Emeritus, Cornell Univ., Co-creator of rainbow papaya (PhD Plant pathology)

Vani Hari

"The Food Babe" and author/advocate (B.S. Computer Science); Against

Pamela Ronald

UC Davis, Professor (PhD Plant Biology); for

Jeffery Smith

"Institute for Responsible Technology", Author/filmmaker

(Attended Maharishi Univ. of Management); Against

Andrew Kimbrell

Exec. Director "Center for Food Safety" (JD Law); Against

What are three important functions served by soils?

Anchor plants. storage of water and nutrients for plant uptake. Habitat for soil organisms.

Water holding capacity for sand, silt, and clay

Sand: Low

Silt: Moderate

Clay: high

Drainage for sand, silt, and clay

Sand: Fast

Silt: moderate

Clay: slow

Cation exchange capacity for sand, silt, and clay

Sand: Low

Silt: Moderate

Clay: High

Shrink-swell potential for sand, silt, and clay

Sand: low

Silt: Moderate

Clay: high

Ease of cultivation for sand, silt and clay

Sand: High

Silt: Moderate

Clay: difficult

7 predominant soil orders in Texas

Mollisols, Vertisols, Aridisols, Ultisols, Alfisols, Entisols, Inceptisols

60% sand; 25% Silt; 15% Clay

Sandy Loam

10% sand; 60% Silt; 30% Clay

Silty clay loam

40% Clay; 20% Silt; 40% Clay

Clay

50% Sand; 10% Silt; 40% Clay

Sandy Clay

mnemonic to remember soil forming factors

CLORPT

What is fertilizer analysis or grade?

Amount of nutrients contained in a commercial fertilizer

Where, Why, and How is fertilizer grade displayed?

Must be displayed on the label for consumer protection; Must include NPK.

What is soil erosion?

Accelerated loss of soil through the action of wind or water.