5.4 & 5.5- selection of categories of psych disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of disorders with onset occuring during the developmental period

focus on whether the person is exhibiting behaviors appropriate for their age or maturity range

How are neurodevelopmental disorders recognized?

environmental, physiological, or genetic

Possible causes of neurodevelopmental disorders

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

characterized by issues in one or more of these five areas: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms

Delusions

false beliefs; positive symptoms and may manifest in ways such as delusions of persecution or grandeur

Hallucinations

false perceptions; positive symptoms and may involve one or more of the senses

Disorganzied Thinking Speeches

positive symptoms and may manifest as speaking in a word salad

Word Salad

stringing together words in non-sensical ways

Disorganized Motor Behavior

May manifest as catatonia or disordered movement and may be experienced as excitement or stupor

Excitement

positive symptom manifestation in disorganized motor behavior

Stupor

negative symptom manifestation in disorganized motor behavior

Flat affect or catatonic stupor

How can symptoms of schizophrenia present themselves?

Flat affect

lack of emotional expression

Catatonic stupor

lack of movement

suggest a genetic or biological link. such as prenatal virus exposure (like flu) or imbalanced with certain neurotransmitters (dopamine hypothesis)

How is schizophrenia caused?

Depressive Disorders

characterized by the presence of a sad, empty, or irritable mood along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person's ability to function

focus on biological, genetic, social, cultural, behavioral, or cognitive sources

Causes of depressive disorders

Bipolar Disorders

disorder characterized by periods of mania and depression

Bipolar cycling

experiencing periods of depression and mania in alternating periods that can last various amounts of time

focus of biological, genetic, social, cultural, behavioral or cognitive sources

Causes of bipolar disorders

Anxiety Disorders

characterized by excessive fear and/or anxiety with related disturbances to behavior

Specific phobia

fear or anxiety toward specific objective situations

Agoraphobia

intense fear of social situations

Panic Disorder

involves the experience of panic attacks

Panic Attacks

unanticipated and overwhelming biological, cognitive, and emotional experiences of fear/anxiety

Ataque de nervious

experience mainly by people of Caribbean or Iberian descent

Social anxiety disorder

the intense fear of being judged or watch by others; may include agoraphobia

Taijin kyofusha

a culture-bound anxiety disorder experienced mainly by Japanese in which people fear others are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or displeasing

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

involves prolonged experiences of non-specific anxiety or fear

focus on learned associations between and among stimuli, maladaptive thinking or emotional responses, and biological or genetic sources

Causes of anxiety disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders

disoders characterized by the prescense of obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (intrusive behaviors)

involved learned associations between and among stimuli, maladaptive thinking or emotional responses, and biological or genetic sources

Causes of obsessive-compulsive disorders

Dissociative Disorders

disorders characterized by dissociations from consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior

involve the experience of trauma or stress

Causes of Dissociative disorders

Trauma and Stress- Related Disorders

characterized by exposure to traumatic or stressful event with subsequent psychological stress

hypervigilance, severe anxiety, flashbacks to trauma/stress experiences, insomnia, emotional detachment, and hostility

Symptoms of trauma and stressor related disorders

Feeding and Eating Disorders

characterized by altered consumption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning

biological, genetic, social, cultural, behavioral, or cognitive sources

Causes of feeding/eating disorders

Personality disorders

; enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior deviant from one’s culture and is stable over time then leads to personal distress or impairment; fall into 3 clusters

Cluster A, Cluster B, Cluster C

3 Clusters of Personality Disorders

Cluster A

odd or eccentric cluster of personality disorder and includes paranoia, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

Cluster B

dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster and includes antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders

Cluster C

anxious or fearful cluster and include avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

focus on biological, genetic, social, cultural, behavioral, or cognitive sources

Causes of personality disorders

Researchers use psychotherapies, psychologists use evidence-based interventions to develop treatment plans, therapists exhibit cultural humility and establish therapeutic alliance

How professionals treat disorders throughout psych community

increased use and effectiveness of psychotropic medication therapy; shifted to more decentralized ways of treatment

What led to the deinstitutionalization of mental health treatment?

ethical principles established by APA

What must psycholgoistis follow for ethical treatment?

Psychodynamic therapies

employ free association and ream interpretation to uncover the unconscious mind

Cognitive therapies

therapies that employ cognitive restructuring or fear hierarchies to combat maladaptive thinking; proposes that people should focus on the cognitive triad

Cognitive Triad

Negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future

Applied Bheavior anaylsis

ivolves applying principles of conditioning to address mental disorders and developmental disabilities

Exposure therapies

such as systematic densistaization, aversion therapies, and token economies; employ applied bheavioral anaylsis

Biofeedback

uses principles of conditionin to hel clients regaulated body systems (such as sympathetic) that conrtibute to anxiety/depression

Cogntive-behavioral therapies

therapies that combine techniques from the cognitive and behavioral perspectives to treat mental and behavioral disorders; ex. dialectical behavioral therapy and rational-emotive behavioral therapy

Person-centered therapy

from the humanistic perspective; therapy that employs active listening and unconditional positive regard

Hypnosis

retrieving accurate memories or regressing in age to treat pain and anxiety

Psychoactive medications

interact with sepcific eurotransmitters in the central nervous system to address possible biochemcial causes of metnal disroders

Tardive dyskinesia

a side effect of psychoactive medication; movement disorder related to the regulation of dopamine in the nervous system

psychosurgery, TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy), electroconvulsive therapy

Surgical or invasive interventions

Lobotomy

form of psychosurgery that was popular in the mid-20th century but rarely performed today