PE- Unit 1 AOS3

Pulmonary Circulation

• blood flows from heart to lungs and back trying to re- oxygenate blood

Systematic circulation

• blood flows from heart to the rest of the body and back

Distol

heart relaxed and filled with blood

Systole

contracts and moves blood to the next section of cycle

pulmonary veins

blood flows to heart via ___ from the lungs

pulmonary arteries

blood flows away from the heart via ___ to lungs

superior and inferior vena cava

deoxygenated blood from the body flows to heart via ___

Aorta

Oxygenated blood flows from heart to the rest of the body via ___

Arteries

• carries blood away from the heart

• strong elastic walls

• largest blood vessels

Arteriole

• connects arteries to capillaries

• smaller than arteries

Capillaries

• smallest blood vessels

• allows for diffusion through vessel walls

Venules

• connect capillaries to vein

Veins

• Large vessels that transports blood to the heart

a-vO2 difference

• difference in oxygen concentration between the artery and vein blood

a-vO2 difference in exercise

increases in exercises because:

• more oxygen being used in muscle

  so

• less oxygen remains in vein blood

blood vessel structural changes through aerobic training

• increase capillaries density surrounding working muscle

• increase in site available for diffusion at capillary muscle interface

• increase oxygen uptake at muscle site

Vasoconstriction

• blood vessel narrows

• occurs in areas that don’t require much blood

• warms the body

Vasodilation

• cools down the body

• blood vessel dilates

• occurs in areas that needs more blood

why Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation occurs

• to redirect blood flow to working muscles and away from non essential organs

• control body heat

• measure of how much blood is pumped out of the heart into aorta with each beat

Stroke Volume

• How many times heart beats (contracts)

Heart Rate

• amount of blood pumped out of heart per min

Cardiac Output

CO= Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

how to find Cardiac Output

CO in exercise

• at submaximal exercise SV plateau (left ventricle has reached capacity)

• Any increase in CO is due to HR

aerobic training effect on heart

• increase left ventricle size

• increase stroke volume

• More blood pumped through the left ventricle per min= increase aerobic energy production

Blood functions

• Transport gases, fuels and minerals

• protect against dehydration

• maintaining equilibrium

• thermoregulation

• carrying infection fighting cells

• deliver waste to kidney and liver

Plasma composition in blood

55%

Blood cells composition in blood

45%

Blood cells composition

Red blood cells: 99%

White blood cells and platelets: 1%

composition of plasma

• 90%- water

• 7%- proteins

• 3%- other

Red blood cells

• carry nutrients and haemoglobin

haemoglobin

Carry’s Oxygen

Platelets

• form blood clots

Plasma

• clear yellow fluid

• carry’s nutrients

• transports and assists with waste removal

• helps maintain body temp

Homeostasis

• tendency to keep a relatively stable and constant internal environment

Thermoregulation

• body’s temp regulation system

Hypothermia

• body drops below min temp to maintain basic function

• bellow 35°C

Hyperthermia

• Body temp rises above max temp to maintain basic function

• above 40°C

Hyperthermia symptoms

• swet

• blood redistribution away from muscles

• max evaporation and cooling

leads to

• Less o2 and fuel to working muscles

• vasodilation occurs

• fatigue

Respiratory System

• lungs and airways responsible for gas exchange

Mouth and nose

delivers air to lungs

Airways

• Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

• enable air to pass through alveioli

Alveoli

• microscopic cup shaped sacs at end of bronchioles

• holds network of capillaries

• thin alveoli and capillaries walls allows for gas exchange

Pleura

• gap between membrane and lungs

• allows for expand and contract

Diaphragm

• involuntary muscle

• contracts and relaxes

• changes chest cavity size

Inspiration

• movement of air from external enviroment into lungs

Inspiration mechanics

• diaphragm contracts/ flatten out

• pulls ribs down'

• external intercostal muscles contract- ribcage outwards

Expiration

• air moves out of lungs

Expiration mechanics

• diaphragm relaxes

• chest cavity has higher pressure inside that outside- forcing air put of lungs

• external intercostal muscles relax

lung capacity

volume of air held in lungs

vital capacity

max air that can be expired

Residual volume

amount of air left in lungs after maximal expiration

Tidal volume

• amount of air inspired per breath

Respiratory Rate

• amount of breath (in and out) per min

Ventilation

• amount of air inspired and expired per min

Ventilation equation

Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate= ventilation

Steady State

• demand and supply of o2 is met

• athlete works submaximally and breathing levels out

Oxygen deficit

• Oxygen demand is greater than supply

Vo2 max

• max o2 that can be taken in, transported and used

• this exercise level cannot be sustained

Good vo2 max=

Good Aerobic Athlete

Exercise Post-exercise oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

• Period where o2 levels remain above resting

• huffing and puffing after sport so o2 supply can catch up

Increase Respiratory Rate

• RR at rest= 12-15

• RR in exercise= 35-40

• increase demand for o2 and co2 removal

Increase tidal volume

• Depth of breath= 0.5L at rest

• increase to 2.5L per breath druign exercise

Increase ventilation

• increase RR and TV so Ventilation increases

• rest Ventilation= 7.5L/min

• exercise Ventilation= 140L/min

Pulmonary Diffusion

• air enters alveoli

• o2 moves from high concentration (alveoli) to low concentration (capillaries)

• at same time: co2 moves from high (capillaries) to low (alveoli) concentration

Continuous, Fartlek and Longer interval examples

running, swimming, cycling, cross training and rowing

Continuous, frequency

3-6 per week

fartlek intensity

A range of efforts to work aerobic and anaerobic systems 70-85% MHR

long interval and fartlek frequency

2-3 per week

continuous intensity

Within aerobic training zone 70-85% MHR

long interval intensity

Upper end of aerobic zone

80-85% MHR

Continuous duration

Min 20 mins of continuous work

fartlek duration

Min 20 mins of continuous with higher intensity efforts

long interval duration

• 1-4 minute work efforts

• followed by a 1-4 minute period of rest (W:R ratio 1:1).

• Total of 20 mins minimum

what altitude training is

• o2 concentration is lower than normal 21%

• commonly experienced of 2000m+ above sea level

• body adapts to stress

• more efficient intake, transportation, uptake and consumption of o2

how altitude training works

• exposure makes brain detect lower levels of oxygenated blood in blood stream

• body secretes more EPO hormone that stimulated red blood cell production

• more red blood cells= greater o2 carrying capacity

hypoxic benefits

• increase vo2 max

• reduce recovery time

• decrease resting heart rate

• decreased steady heart rate

• decrease blood pressure

• delay fatigue

Heat training

• training in heat

• Heat acclimation can produce physiological adaption’s in body

Heat training benefits

• blood plasma increase- increase circulation and quicker o2 delivery

• improves thermoregulation- less blood redirected from working muscles

Enthropoietin (EPO)

• hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

• synthetic version of EPO can be injected

EPO benefits

• excess red blood cell production

• improved o2 carry capacity

  leads to

• increase endurance

• reduce recovery time

EPO side effects

• thicker blood

• strain on heart

• risk of blood clots

• stroke and heart attack

• infection/transmission of disease

blood doping step 1

remove 1-4 units of blood weeks before comp

blood doping step 2

• store/refrigerate blood

blood doping step 3

• body begins creating new blood to maintain homeostasis

blood doping step 4

• blood reinfused into body to increase blood volume and RBC count

Blood doping benefits

• intro of RBC

• improve o2 carrying capacity

leads to

• increase exercise endurance’

• reduce recovery time

blood doping side effects

• blood virus

• hypertension

• strain on heart and blood vessels

• increase heart attack and stroke risk

• blood rejection

• infection

Beta Blockers

• hinder stress hormones- adrenaline and noradrenaline

beta blockers benefits

• blood vessel dilation

• reduce blood pressure

• reduce heart rate

  leads to

• decrease arousal levels

• decrease tremors and anxiety

• increase focus

• improves accuracy

beta blockers sports

• accuracy sports

• e.g archery, golf

beta blockers side effects

• Hypotension

• cardiac failure

• hypoglycaemia (blood sugar control effected)

ethical conciderations

• is it fair?

• dangerous to my health?

• permitted?

• how will it enhance performance?

• another option?

• everyone have access?

sociocultural considerations

• world is very diverse

• some peoples beliefs and values that shape them

• some behaviors and practices are widely accepted in some sports

sociocultural reasons for using banned substances

• peers and opponents use

• drug culture with peers

• pressure and expectations from coaches, family, public and media

• fame associated with winning

• financial rewards

• busy schedule of events

• cultural beliefs and customs

personal reasons for using banned substances

• lack of progress

• self doubt

• win at all costs mentality