Enzymes (LC Biology

Enzyme:

A biological catalyst made from protein used to alter the rate of chemical reactions, without being used up themselves.

The shape of a protein that functions as an enzyme is...

3D globular

What cell organelle are enzymes produced in?

Ribosomes

Specificity of an enzyme:

The active site of an enzyme will only work on one specific substrate.

Substrate:

substance an enzyme acts upon

Product:

The substance formed by the action of an enzyme on a substrate.

Active site:

The area of an enzyme that binds to the substrate to form an enzyme Substrate complex, it is a specific shape.

catabolic enzymes:

An enzyme that breaks down large molecules. down into smaller molecules.

Example of a catabolic enzyme...

amylase

The reason it is catabolic is that...

It breaks starch into smaller substances called maltose.

Anabolic enzyme:

An enzyme that helps to join small molecules together to form larger ones.

An example of an anabolic enzyme is...

DNA polymerase

The reason its anabolic is because...

It helps join amino acids into protein during protein synthesis.

inhibitors:

Something that disrupts the specificity of an enzyme's shape or blocks the enzymes active site.

Beneficial inhibitors:

• Drugs: they can affect enzymes involved in pain, causing the pain to stop.

• Antibiotics: Can affect enzymes

bacteria, causing bacteria to die.

Denatured enzymes

An enzyme that has lost its function as a result of an active site changing shape. (The change is permanent and irreversible)

Factors that impact an enzyme's activity

Temperature & PH

Optimum:

The condition an enzyme works best at.

The optimum temperature of an enzyme is..

Plant: 25 degrees
Animal: 37 degrees

If the temperature falls below the optimum:

• They do not collide with the substrate, therefore the rate of enzyme activity is slow.

If the temperature is too high above the optimum:

• The enzyme will become denatured, it will no longer work as the active site will change shape.

The optimum Ph of amylase:

7/8

The optimum Ph of Lipase:

7/8

The optimum Ph of pepsin:

2

The optimum Ph of catalase:

9

If the PH goes to far above or to far bellow:

• The enzyme becomes denatured
• No enzyme-substrate complex can be formed due to the active site being changed.
• As a result there is no enzyme activity.

Immobilised enzymes:

Enzymes that have been attached to each other or an inert substance.

Advantages of immobilised enzymes:

• Reusable
• Cost Effective
• Produce purer product

Bioprocessing:

The use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product.

Substances made by bioprocessing:

• Cheese
• Vaccines
• Antibiotics

Bioreactor:

The vessel in which bioprocessing takes place in.

Which type of biomolecule are enzymes?

Protein

Harmful inhibitors

Inhabits enzymes and can result in human death