GLands

Layers of the body

• epethelium

• muscle

• nervous

• connective tissue

Glands

• endocrine glands

• exocrine

endocrine glands

• inside

• secretions ultimately enter the blood

• release things into bloodstream

• affects hormons

• inside circulatory system

exocrine glands

• most use ducts

• secrete into an epithelial surface or into a lumen

• one cell

• example: goblet cells

goblet cells

• secrete mucus

• do not have ducts

• unicellular

lume

space in a tube

multicellular cells in exocrine glands

• secrete materials through a duct

• memocrine, holocrine, apocrine

mecrocrine glands

• cells remain in tact

• eg: mouth - saliva

holocrine glands

cells rupture, die and become secretion

apocrine glands

• top part of cell pinched off, becomes secretion

• memory glands: modified sweat glands, modified proteins

connective tissue characteristics shared by all

• cells

• fibers (protein) : strengthen and support CT

• ground substance

connective tissue composed of

• protein, carbohydrates, water

CT classification

• CT Proper

• loose CT

  • areolar CT

  • Adipose

• Dense Irregular CT

  • Firoblasts

• Dense Regular CT

  • Fibroblassts

• Cartilage

areolar CT

• large flat cells with tapered ends

• very vascular

• function: binds and packs organs

• subcutaneous layer of skin

• loose

Adipose

• Protects

• Stores Fat

• Inslates

• clear fat (washed away)

• loose CT

Fibroblasts (dense irregular CT)

• protein fibers found in clumps

• tensile: pulling forces (weaker in tension)

• Function:

  • dermis

Dense Regular CT

• Fibroblasts

• densely packed fibers

• poor vascularity

• function:

  • tendons

Cartilage

• condracells: Cartiledge cells

• no vessels

• mature condracells

• chondrocytes in lucanae

• avascular

• surrounded by perichondrium

• hylaine cartilage

hyline cartilage

• found on:

  • joint surfaces

  • trachea

  • fetal skeleton

• Function:

  • provide smooth surface support

  • how bones grow

Fibrocartilage

found in:

• intervertebral disks

• pubic symphysis

• menisci

Function:

• provides support and stability

• withstands compression

elastic cartilage

• in outer ear and auditory canal

• function:

  • allow flexibility

  • maintains shape

bone

• three kinds of cells

  • (black cells - osteoblasts)

  • immature bone cells

  • create bone

• Osteocytes:

  • mature bone cells

  • maintain bone tissus

• 
  

bone tissue

• compact

• spongy

Compact tissue

• outer shell of bone

spongey tissue

• inner lattice-work of bone

• houses hemopoietic tissue

• responsible for blood cell production (red bone marrow)

Skeletary

• voluntary

• striated

• long fibers

• multiple nuclei

• skeletal muscles

Cardiac

• Involuntary

• branching cells

• usually central nucleus

• heart

smooth

• muscles other than heart

• no striations

• spindle-shaped cells

• central nucleus

• walls of hollow organs

Nervous Tissue

• neurons

• glial cells

Neurons

Receive and transmit information

Glial Cells

• support and protect neurons