Human Development Exam 1 Study Guide

What type of research methodology involves the manipulation of an independent variable in order to test a hypothesis?

Experiment

___________ is the ongoing debate among professionals about whether genetic makeup or environment has the most influence on an individual’s personality.

Nature vs. nurture

Ethnocentrism is a sociocultural concept that involves:

Evaluating other cultures through the lens of one's own cultural norms and values.

Which of the following options accurately describes the concept of neuroplasticity?

The brain's capacity to reorganize and adapt by establishing new neural pathways.

What is the fundamental principle of psychoanalytic theory?

Highlighting the influence of unconscious conflicts on behavior.

What does cultural relativity refer to?

The idea that cultural norms and values are only relevant within their own cultural context.

What does the concept of multiculturalism emphasize?

The coexistence and appreciation of diverse cultural backgrounds.

What distinguishes psychological age from social age?

Psychological age refers to emotional maturity and cognitive abilities, while social age relates to societal expectations and roles.

What does the concept of "tabula rasa" propose?

The notion that individuals are born with a blank slate and acquire knowledge through experience.

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of genetic inheritance and maturation in shaping an individual's development?

Biological theory

What psychological perspective focuses on the integration of personal experiences and social influences in molding human development?

Psychosocial theory

Which concept characterizes cognitive human development theory in psychology?

The progressive maturation of thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving abilities.

Which concept is central to the psychoanalytic theory of human development in psychology?

The significance of unconscious drives and conflicts in shaping development.

What does the lifespan perspective in psychology emphasize?

The continuous and ongoing nature of development from birth to death.

What significant role did psychologist Erik Erikson play in the realm of human development?

Developing the concept of psychosocial stages across the lifespan.

What is behaviorism in psychology?

A perspective that focuses on observable actions as a means to understand behavior.

How does an exosystem influence affect an individual's development according to Bronfenbrenner's theory?

An exosystem influence has an indirect and long-term impact on a person's development

Which option best distinguishes a case study from naturalistic observation?

Case studies involve in-depth examination of a single individual or small group, whereas naturalistic observation focuses on broader groups in their natural environment.

Which concept is central to understanding social learning theory?

Learning through observation and imitation.

Which psychologist is recognized for his significant contributions to social learning theory?

Albert Bandura

Which theory emphasizes the impact of various environmental layers on human development, ranging from immediate settings to broader societal influences?

Ecological systems theory

What does empiricism emphasize in the realm of knowledge acquisition?

Utilizing observation and experience as the foundation of
understanding.

What is the scientific method?

A systematic approach to investigating and understanding natural phenomena.

Which of the following represents the microsystem in ecological systems theory?

The immediate family, school, and peer group of an individual.

Which statement below is true about the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, whereas phenotype refers to its physical characteristics

Which statement best distinguishes between a research population and a sample?

A research population is the group from which a sample is selected, while a sample is the individuals being studied.

Which ethical research principle involves ensuring participants' understanding and agreement before involving them in psychological research

The principle of obtaining informed consent.

Which of the following options best represents a longitudinal research study?

Tracking the same group of individuals over an extended period to observe changes and developments.

Which of the following is an example of a mesosystem in a child's life?

Their school environment.

In psychological research, what does the term "debriefing" refer to?

A structured conversation after the study to explain its purpose and address any concerns.

Which of the following best describes the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter cells.

What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype determines phenotype

When the abnormality takes place on the ______, it is referred to as a sex-linked chromosomal abnormality.

23rd pair

What is the correct number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell?

46

In human development, the fusion of a sperm and an egg forms a:

Zygote

In regard to human genetics, which of the following is true about homozygous individuals?

They possess two identical alleles for a given gene

What is the key distinction between dizygotic (fraternal) and monozygotic (identical) twins?

Dizygotic twins share about 50% of their genetic material, while monozygotic twins share 100%.

During which stage of prenatal development does the formation of major organs and vital systems occur?

Embryonic stage

Which assessment is used to quickly evaluate the health of a newborn baby at one and five minutes after birth?

Apgar assessment

At which point in prenatal development does the rapid growth and refinement of bodily structures, organs, and systems take place?

Fetal stage

Which of the following best defines teratogens in the context of prenatal development?

Substances that can cause birth defects in the developing fetus.

Which of the following aspects does the Apgar assessment in newborns evaluate?

Immediate condition of the newborn's vital signs.

Which of the following agents is considered a teratogen, linked to potential birth defects when encountered during pregnancy?

Using certain prescription medications.

The closer the correlation coefficient (r) is to _____, the weaker or lower in magnitude the correlation. The closer the correlation coefficient is to ______, the stronger or higher in magnitude the correlation.

 0; ± 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key characteristic of correlational research?

Correlational research examines the relationship between two or more variables to determine if they are associated, without manipulating them.

Dr. Curious wants to investigate whether the amount of sleep a person gets affects their memory recall. In her study, what is the independent variable?

The number of hours participants sleep each night

What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment indicate about children's behavior?

Children can learn and imitate aggressive behavior by observing others, even without direct reinforcement.

What is the primary purpose of using deception in psychological research?

To prevent participants from knowing the true purpose of the study, ensuring more natural behavior.

Which procedure involves implanting both sperm and ova into the fallopian tube and allowing fertilization to occur naturally?

gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer

The emphasis of the __________ method is on teaching the woman to be in control in the process of delivery by encouraging things like muscle relaxation and breathing through contractions.

Lamaze

The ___________ is a test in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested

Amniocentesis

__________ development occurs from the middle outward.

Proximodistal

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are similar in length and are called:

autosomes

The most common cause of chromosomal abnormalities is:

Age of the mother

The first chance of survival outside the womb, known as the age of ___________, is reached at about 24 weeks gestational age.

Viability

____________ development occurs from head to tail

cephalocaudal

___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus.

Ectopic Pregnancy

If a baby's mother used an addictive drug during pregnancy, that baby can get addicted to the drug before birth and go through drug withdrawal after birth.  This is called:

Neonatal abstinence syndrome

__________ is a temporary lack of oxygen to the brain that can result in brain damage or, in severe cases, death.

Anoxia