Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Tiny channels

in the membrane called nuclear pores allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm.

Lysosomes

are formed from Golgi complexes and look like membrane- enclosed spheres.

Microtubules

are long, hollow tubes made up of protein called tubules.

Diplobacilli

appear in pairs after division, and streptobacilli occur in chains.

Endocytosis

occurs when a segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle of a large molecule, encloses it, and brings it into the cell.

Fin rise

can occur at the poles of the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell.

Osmosis

is the net movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high con- centration of water molecules (low concentration of solute mol- ecules) to an area of low concentration of water molecules (high concentration of solute molecules)

Selective permeability

indicates that certain molecules and ions are allowed to pass through the membrane but others are stopped.

nuclear division

During , the chromatin could form shorter and thicker rod- like bodies called chromosomes.

electron microscope

When viewed with a(n) , bacterial plasma membranes often appear to contain one or more large, irregular folds called mesosomes.

Cocci

are usually round but can be oval, elongated, or flattened on one side.

Pili

are usually longer than fimbriae and number only one or two per cell.

extracellular polymeric

A glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other is called a(n) substance (EPS)

Glycocalyx

is the general term used for substances that surround cells.

vacuole

A(n) is a space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed by a membrane called a tonoplast.

Proteins

attached to carbohydrates are called glycoproteins, and lipids attached to carbohydrates are called glycolipids.

active transport

In performing , the cell uses energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane.

core polysaccharide

The is attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars.

double membrane

A chloroplast is a(n) - enclosed structure that contains both the pigment chlorophyll and the enzymes required for the light gathering phases of photosynthesis.

mitochondria

They have a number of membrane- enclosed organelles, including , endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysines, and sometimes chloroplasts.

DNA

The nucleus also contains most of the cells , which is combined with several proteins, including some basic proteins called histones.

Ribosomes

are found free in the cytoplasm.

positive bacteria

In most gram- , the cell wall consists of many layers of peptidoglycan, forming a thick, rigid structure.

chromatin

When the cell is not reproducing, the DNA and its associated proteins appear as a threadlike mass called .

organelles

Elongated, irregularly shaped called mitochondria appear throughout the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells.

Division

of the cytoplasm and other organelles follows so that the two cells produced are identical to each other.

O polysaccharide

The extends outward from the core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules.

hypertonic solution

A(n) is a medium having a higher concen- tration of solutes than that inside the cell.

cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Within the is the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER, an extensive network of flattened membrane sacs or tubules called cisternae.

isotonic solution

A(n) is a medium in which the overall concen- tration of solutes equals that found inside a cell.

nuclear envelope

Within the are one or more spherical bodies called nucleoli.

Prokaryotes

and eukaryotes both contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

thin structure

The plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane (or inner membrane) is a(n) lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cyto- plasm of the cell.

Bacteria

may be spherical- shaped coccus, rod- shaped bacillus, and spiral.

Simple diffusion

is the net (overall) movement of mol- ecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

cell wall

If the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the , the glycocalyx is described as a capsule.

vesicles

The proteins are modified and moved from one cistern to another via transfer that bud from the edges of the cisternae.

Osmotic pressure

is the pressure needed to stop the flow of water across the selectively permeable membrane.

prokaryotic cells

The plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane of eukaryotic and is very similar in function and basic structure.

cytoplasmic streaming

The movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another, which helps distribute nutrients and move the cell over a surface, is called .

Eukaryotic membranes

contain carbohydrates, which serve as attachment sites for bacteria and as receptor sites that assume the role in such functions as cell recognition.

Smooth ER

extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules.

transport vesicle

The fuses with a cistern of the Golgi complex, releasing proteins into the cistern.

hypotonic solution

A(n) outside the cell is a medium whose con- centration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell.

Cocci

that remain in pairs after dividing are called diplococci; those that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called streptococci.

Glycocalyx

is a layer of material containing substantial amounts of sticky carbohydrates.

Organelles

are structures with specific shapes and specialized functions and are characteristic of eukaryotic cells.

cell wall

If a substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the , the Glycocalyx is described as a slime layer.

double membrane

The nucleus is surrounded by a(n) called the nuclear envelope.

Bacteria

often contain small, usually circular, double- stranded DNA molecules called plasmids.