Nerves, Spinal, Eyes, Brain

What’s part of CNS (central nervous system)

• brain

• spinal cord

What’s part of PNS (peripheral nervous system)

• Cranial nerves

• Spinal nerves

What’s part of ANS (Autonomic nervous system)

• involuntary parts

What’s part of SNS (Somatic nervous system)

• voluntary parts

Sensory input

• sensory input sent to the brain

Motor output

• lead by the brain

Receptors

• specialized nerve endings

Effectors

• a muscle or gland that responds to stimuli

Special Sensory

• type of receptor

• smell, taste, vision, balance, hearing

Visceral Sensory Receptos

• type of receptor

• monitor internal organs

Somatic Sensory

• type of receptor

• skin, joints, and muscles

What’s the action of PNS in the brain

• input

• sensory info/ afferent division

What action of CNS in the brain

• processes info

What is the action of motor output in the brain

• motor commands/efferent division

What funciton of Somatic system in the brain

• skeletal system

What function of Autonomic system in the brain

• parasympathetic (relaxed)

• sympathetic (fight or flight)

• leads to smooth cardiac muscles and glands

What’s the order of process of info in the brain

PNS, CNS, Motor Output, Somatic System or Autonomic System

What type of Neuroglia/Glial support cells in the CNS

• Astrocytes

Characteristics of Astrocytes

• star shaped

• wrap around capillaries (type of blood cell that exchange nutrients and waste)

• form blood brain barrier to limit what comes out to neurons

• interstatial environment that removes metabolic wastes

Characteristics of Oligodendrocyte

• wrap around axon with myelin sheath and protect the axon

What is White matter?

• mylenated with lots of axons

What is gray matter?

• unmyelinated and contains many cell bodies

What is intermode?

• segment thats myelinated

What is a myelin sheath gap?

• gap between myeliinated segments

• impulse will jump between the gaps

What is microglia?

• takes a way debri

What are ependymal cells?

• cuboidal cells with cilia

• help create cerebral spinal fluid

What is neuroglia cells of PNS?

• Schwann cells

• Satelite cells

Characteristics of Schwann cells

• wrap around axon with myelin sheath and protect the axon

Characteristics of Satelite cells

• hug the body of a nueron to protect

What is a soma

• cell body of a neuron

What are Nissl bodies

• clusters of ribosomes

• create protein

What is an Axon hillock

• origin of an axon

• travel through axon hillock

What are axons

• long axons

• branched

• nerve fiber

• collaterals

What are dendrites

• receive signals

• branched

What is terminal arborization

• branched ends of an axon

What are terminal boutons

• ends of axon where neurotransmitters are stored

What disease is multiple scelerosis

• where your organs destroy myelin which expose the nerve fiber and the flow of the nerve impulses

What’s part of an Endoderm

• germ layers

• internal organs

What’s part of Mesoderm

• muscles and organs

What’s part of Ectoderm

• skin and nervous system

What is Ectoderm development

• neural plate starts to fold in which makes a neural fold

• fold creates a neural ggroove

• creates neural tube

What is Anencephaly

• neural tube defect where tube fails to close where the brain develops

What is Spina bifida

• neural tube defect where tube doesn’t seal where the spinal cord develops

What are the meninges layers

• Scalp

• Epircranial Apueneurosis

• Periosteum

• Cranium bone

• Dura Mater

• Arachnoid mater

• Pia Mater

What is Dura mater

• “tough mother”

• double layered membrane

• contains a sinus in between the layer to drain blood to the heart

What is subdural space

• can expand from blood cells

What is subdural hematoma

• where subdural space can get trapped with blood and compress the brain

What is arachnoid mater

• has a physical space called subrachnoid space

• contains cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

What is falx cerebelli

• sheet made of dura matter

• foster the brain together

What is arachnoid ganulation

• allows cerebrospinal fluid citculate to the bloodstream

What is pia mater

• “soft mother”

• hugs the brain into all the grooves

What happens in the choroid plexus

• ependymal cells modify the fluid in the capillary blood vessels with ions, vitamins and oxygen the creates CSF

• one choroid plexus in each ventricle

• CSF travels all around through subarachnoid space and cushions the brain and drains down the spinal cord

What is hydrocephalus disease

• when CSF doesn’t drain properly

• more dangerous in adults because the skull is fused, but not within an infant because their brain is not and it can inflate

What are the bumps in the brain

• gyri

What are the shallow grooves in the brain

• sulci

Frontal lobe characteristic

• separated from the parietal lobe by central sulcus groove

What is prefrontal cortex

• part of frontal lobe

• where personality, logic, and rationality is made

What is primary motor cortex

• where voluntary muscle control happens

What is Broca’s area

• area for speech/physically talking

Characteristic of parietal lobe

Primary somatosensory cortex

• whatever you feel/sensory info

What is lateral fissure/sulcus

part of temporal lobe

• groove that separates temporal lope from frontal and parietal lobe

What is primary auditory cortex

part of temporal lobe

• impulse to the temporal lobe of what you hear

What is Wernicke’s area

part of temporal area

• understand language and speech

What is visual cortex

part of occipital lobe

• area of how you can see

Insula

• deep to the brain behind lateral fissure/sulcus

Gusfactory cortex

part of insula

• association with taste

What are comissural fibers

• fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres

Corpus callosum

• bigger commisure above anterior comissure

Anterior Commissure

• smaller commissure under corpus callosum

Parts of the Diencephalon

• thalamus

• hypothalumus

• epithalamus/epineal gland

• optichiasm

Thalamus

• egg shaped gray matter

• receives impluses and travels to the appropriate lobe except smell

Intermediate mass

part of thalamus

• connects the two hemispheres of the thalamus

Hypothalamus

• below thalamus

• maintains homeostasis; sleep/wake, hunger, thirst, sexual arousel

• secretes oxytocin “bonding hormone” and stimulate contraction of smooth muscle for child birth

• secretes hormone to keep water in body

Infundibulum

part of hypothalamus

• connects the pituitary gland/hypothesis to hypothalamus

Epithalamus/Epineal gland

• next to thalamus

• “tear dropped” shape

• secretes melatonin when eyes detect darkness

Optichiasm

• next to pituitary gland

• optic nerve connects and criss cross

Cerebral aqueduct

part of midbrain of brainstem

• separated by groove

• allows CSF to flow down

Cerebral preduncles

part of midbrain of brainstem

• square section, allows messages to travel to spinal cord and cerebrum

Superior Colliculi

part of midbrain of brain stem

• involved in eye tracking and visual reflexes

Inferior Colliculi

part of midbrain of brain stem

• auditory reflexes and startle reflex

Corpora Quadrigemina

part of midbrain of brain stem

• all four colliculi

Characteristics of cerebellum

• contains fourth ventricle and choroid plexus

• damage of cerebllum can cause loss of motor control

Folia

part of cerebellum

• ridges inside the cerebellum

Central vermis

part of cerebellum

• the middle that connects hemispheres of cerebellum

Propioceptors

• sensory receptors in joints, tendons and ligaments

Pons

• bridge that allows fibers to access cerebellum

Pyramid

part of medulla oblongata

• rectangles

• decussation of pygramids where pyramidal cells (neurons travel down and cross)

Anterior median fissure

part of medulla oblongata

• groove between the pyramids

Olives

part of medulla oblongota

• relay station where propioceptors travel messages toward the cerebullum

What is limbic system

tied to smell

• regions of the brain that form emotion

Amygdaloid body

part of limbic system

• deep in temporal lobe

• process fear/flight or flight

Hippocampus

part of limbic system

• area of memory

Fornix

part of limbic system

• connects hippocampus to hypothalamus and thalamus

Olfactory nerve (I)

sensory nerve for smell

Olfactory bulb

part of olfactory nerve

• sensory nerve for smell

Olfactory tract

part of olfactory nerve

• sensory nerve for smell

Optic nerve (II)

• sensory nerve for vision

Optic chiasm

part of optic nerve

• where nerve crosses

Optic Tract

part of optic nerve

• where nerves go back into the brain after optic chiasm

Optic radiation/projection fiber

part of optic nerve

• where nerves travel to visual cortex