BIOPSY FINAL

Mamawawa

Men-are-men and women-are-women assumption

Effects of Sex Hormones

• Developmental

• Activational

Developmental Effect of Sex Hormones

influences the development from conception to sexual maturity of the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish one as female or male

Activational Effect of Sex Hormones

activating the reproduction related behavior of sexually matured adults

Growth/Grow

changes that can be measured by numbers

Development

changes qualitatively

Same-sex pleasure is purely?

Psychological

Opposite-sex pleasure is?

Biological

Glands

• Exocrine Glands

• Endocrine Glands

Exocrine Glands

outside; release chemicals into ducts, which carry them to the surface of the body

Endocrine Glands

inside; release their chemicals, which are called hormones, directly into the circulatory system

Gonads

• Testes - production of sperm cells

• Ovaries - production of ova cells

With the exception of ova and sperm cells, each cell in the human body contains?

23 pairs of chromosome

Female chromosomes

XX chromosome

Male chromosomes

XY chromosomes

3 classes of vertebrate hormones

• Amino acid derivative

• Peptide hormone and protein hormone

• Steroid hormone

Amino acid derivatives

synthesized from an amino acid molecule; epinephrine

Peptide Hormone

short chain of amino acid

Protein Hormones

long chain of amino acid

Steroid Hormone

synthesized from cholesterol, a type of fat molecule

The hormones that influences sexual development and the activation of adult sexual behavior is?

Steroid Hormone

Gonadal Hormones

• Androgen - testosterone

  • every day

• Estrogen - estradiol

  • 28 day cycle

• Progestin - progesterone

Pituitary Gland

referred to as the master gland

• Posterior pituitary

• Anterior pituitary

Regulation by neural signals

All endocrine glands, with the exception of anterior pituitary are directly regulated by signals from the nervous system

Regulation by hormonal signals

The hormones themselves also influence hormone release

Regulation by nonhormonal signals

glucose, calcium, and sodium levels in the blood all influence the release of particular hormones

Pulsatile Hormonal Release

Hormones tend to be released in pulses

Gonadal Endocrine Regulation

• brain

• hypothalamus

• anterior pituitary

• gonads

• body tissues

Primordial Gonads

“existing at the beginning”

• 6 weeks - either ovary or testes

• 7th week after conception

  • Y chromosome - protein, testes

  • no Y chromosome - ovaries

Internal Reproductive Ducts

• Male Wolffian System

• Female Mullerian System

External Reproductive Ducts

• 6th week - both have the same genital

• 7th week - female or male

• 40 weeks after - fully developed external organs

Puberty

the transitional period between childhood and adulthood where fertility is achieved, adolescent growth spurt occurs, and the development of secondary sex characteristics

Sex differences in the brain

Male brains tend to be 15% larger than females due to the differneces in the average volumes in the brain

Sexual Dimorphism

• masculine or feminine (unambiguously assigned)

  • sometimes it can overlap due to free will depending on the person

  • men can be feminine and women can be masculine

The case of Anne S., the woman

Sought treatment for two sex-related disorders: lack of menstruation and pain during sexual intercourse. Externally, she had no problems; however, there were some differences with her internal genitals—she had a 4 cm vagina and an underdeveloped uterus. Anne suffers from COMPLETE ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME

Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

renders the androgen receptors unresponsive.

The case of a little girl who grew into a boy

During puberty, the girl began to develop secondary sex characteristics of a male. She underwent surgical treatment to increase the size of the vagina and decrease the size of the clitoris. Hormonal treatment was also administered to suppress androgen release so that her estrogen could feminize her body. After treatment, she developed into an attractive young female but still retained remnants of masculinity, such as narrow hips and a husky voice. She suffers from ANDROGENITAL SYNDROME

Androgenital Syndrome

caused by congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

deficiency that results in the excessive release of adrenal androgens

The case of the twin who lost his penis

David Reimer, whose penis was destroyed during circumcision at the age of 7 months, was advised by expert John Money to be raised as a girl, with an artificial vagina created. While growing up, “she” preferred boys' activities and strongly felt like a boy. After learning the truth, he requested androgen treatment, underwent a mastectomy (removal of breasts), and had a phalloplasty (surgical creation of a penis). His case became central to the “Nature vs. Nurture” controversy, emphasizing that sex reassignment should be decided when an individual is a fully grown, mature adult rather than at birth.

The case of the man who lost and regained his manhood

A 38-year-old World War I veteran was castrated at age 19 by a shell fragment that removed his testes but left his penis undamaged. Doctors began injecting testosterone into his muscles, and after 12 weeks of treatment, it had resurrected a broken man to ‘manhood.’ However, sex drive and testosterone levels remain uncorrelated.

Anabolic Steroid Abuse

• shown to have cardiovascular effects/premature deaths

• affects the liver

• males - baog

• females - baog

Cortex

mediates sexual experience

Ventral Striatum

anticipation and experience of sexual activity and pleasurable activities

Hypothalamus

sexual behavior

Amygdala

identification of potential mating partners

Heterosexual

attracted to the opposite-sex

Gay

attracted to the same sex

Bisexual

attracted to both genders

Asexual

not sexually attracted to others

Fraternal Birth Order Effect

the observed phenomenon where men with a greater number of older brothers are more likely to be homosexual

Research has shown that differences in sexual orientation are influenced by?

Genes

Gender Identity

a gender a person most identifies with

Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep

• Electroencephalogram (EEG)

• Electrooculogram (EOG)

• Electromyogram (EMG)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

electrical energy of the brain; through scalp electrodes

Electrooculogram (EOG)

eye movement

Electromyogram (EMG)

electrical activity of muscles

Stage 1 sleep

• low amplitude; high frequency

• transition from wakefulness and sleep

• theta waves

Stage 2 sleep

• K complexes

• Sleep spindles

• Body temperature and heart rate decrease

Stage 3 sleep

• delta waves begin to appear

• transition from light sleep to very deep sleep

Stage 4 sleep

• predominance of delta waves

• deep sleep

REM sleep

• rapid eye movement

• stage 5

Activation-synthesis theory

the physiological processes of the brain is what causes dreams

Lucid dreams

the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming and can influence the course of the dream

Recuperation theory

being awake disrupts the homeostasis of the body and sleep is needed to restore it; basically parang need natin magcharge

Circadian Theory

sleep has evolved to keep animals inactive during those time of the day when they do not need to be engaging in activities necessary for their survival

Circadian Rhythm

body clock; sleep-wake cycle

Zeitgebers

time givers; light-dark cycle

jet lag

zeitgebers are accelerated or deccelerated

shift work

zeitgebers stay the same but workers are forced to adjust their natural sleep-wake cycles

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

part of the hypothalamus that serves as the control center of the circadian rhythm for sleep and body temperature

Hypnotic drugs

increase drowsiness

Antihypnotic drugs

decrease drowsiness; sleep-reducing drugs

Dyssomnia

disturbances in the amount, quality, and timing of sleep

Parasomnia

unnatural and abnormal behaviors, emotions, and perception which occur during sleep

Insomnia

difficulty in maintaining sleep

Hypersomnolence

excessive sleepiness and not refreshed after sleeping

Narcolepsy

brief and irresistible daytime sleep attacks

Sleep apnea

momentary interruptions in breathing during sleep

Restless leg syndrome

uneasiness in the legs

Sleep state misperception

people think they are awake during sleepS

Somnambulism

sleep walking

REM behavior disorder

violent body movements during REM sleep

Night terrors

when a person awakens screaming from a nightmare

Periodic limb movement disorder

involuntary movement of hte legs and arms especially when starting to fall asleepB

Bruxism

teeth grinding

Sexomnia

engaging in sexual acts while still asleep

Memory

site or process where knowledge and experiences are stored

Amnesia

inability to form or recall memories

Anterograde amnesia

cant form new memories

Retrograde amnesia

cant recall past memories

Prosopagnosia

difficulty in recognizing faces

Anomia

difficulty finding words or names

Declarative/Explicit (Conscious)

speak; facts and events; easily forgotten

Nondeclarative/Implicit (Unconscious)

move; procedural memory

skills, habits, conditioning, natural memory

requires repetition, but rarely forgotten

Short-term sensory memory

working memory; temporary storage of information and can be moved to short term memory

temporal lobe

for audio data

lateral intraparietal cortex

visual memories

Major components of working memory

Phonological loop

Visuospatial sketchpad

Central executive

Phonological loop

auditory input