Geology 2150 Age of the Dinosaurs Exam 2

Anapsids

fully roofed temporal reigon

Synapsids

lower temporal opening

braincase in lower temporal opening

dominant during the Permian area

posture is upright

Diapsids

upper temporal opening

lower temporal opening

braincase in lower temporal opening

What are the orientations?

anterior/posterior

dorsal/ventral

medial/lateral

proximal/distal

What are the 2 main parts of the body?

cranial and postcranial

What are the parts of the skull?

orbit, nostril, fenestra, maxillary, premaxillary, mandible, and dental battery

Maxillary

upper jawbone

Premaxillary

exterior jawbone

What are the parts of the mandible?

dentary (interior teeth bone)

predentary (more forward teeth bone)

Fenestra

holes in head for classification

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

cervical, dorsal, sacral, caudal

What are the bones in the vertebral column?

vertebrae, neural arch, neural spine, chevron

What are the limbs in the dinosaur?

shoulder girdle, pelvis, humerus/femur, radius, ulna/tibia, fibula, carpals/tarsals, metacarpals/metatarsals, digits, phalanges

What is the difference between sprawling and upright posture?

sprawling posture - legs project horizontally

upright posture - legs project vertically

What is the biological species concept?

a group of populations that interbreed or potentially interbreed and which are reproductively isolated from other such groups of populations under natural conditions

What are the 7 categories of scientific classification?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Who is the group who approves the scientific names of animals?

The International Code on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

What are the rules of nomenclature?

-names must be latinized

-all names use the roman alphabet

-each name at the genus level and above are unique

-species must be designated by both the genus & species name

-priority (first name is correct name; usually)

How can names come about?

descriptive, honorific, geographic, historical, humorous

Stratophenetics

-groups organisms based on morphological similarities and when they lived

-pros: can use all data, flexible, intuitive

-cons: subjective, incomplete fossil record

Cladistics

-groups organisms based on shared evolutionary derived characteristics

-pros: evaluating what is best objectively

cons: choosing characters is subjective, convergent evolution, and only uses some of the available data

What are the types of clade?

monophyletic - when a group includes a common ancestor and all the descendant

paraphyletic - when a group includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of the descendant

polyphyletic - when a group includes two or more sets of descendants, but not the common ancestor

What is an example of deductionary evolutionary?

the peppered moth

selection

processes that determine differential reproductive success

fitness

the relative reproductive success of an individual

What is an example of sexual dimorphism?

A fake lion being put into a pride of lions wearing different colored and lengths of manes.

Archosaurs

diapsids with additional pre-orbital fenestra, teeth set in sockets and a different ankle structure than other diapsids; includes dinosaurs, pterosaurs and birds and crocodiles

Which classification of organism was the dominant tetrapod during the Permian?

Synapsids, although anapsids and diapsids lived at the time too

Describe a case of priority

The Case of Apatosaurus vs. Brontosaurus

Marsh named an organism Apatosaurus based on a crushed hip bone

Later Marsh finds a nearly complete specimen and calls it Brontosaurus

BUT they were the same so Apatosaurus is correct

Saurischians

Archosaur

lizard-hipped dinosaurs

thyreophorans, marginocephalians, and ornithopods

What bones make up the shoulder girdle of a dinosaur?

scapula, clavicle, and coracoid

What bones make up the pelvis of a dinosaur?

ilium, ischium, and pubis

Induction

reasoning from particular a body of facts, observations, and/or individual examples to a general conclusion

"The preponderance of the evidence favors..."

Deduction

reasoning from a known principle(s) to a logical conclusion

"If A, B, and C, are true, then D must be true"

In a population, IF 1) there is variability, 2) that is heritable, and 3) that leads to differential reproductive success THEN

the population's traits shifts towards favored characteristics

Charles Darwin

1809-1882;

Field: geology, biology;

Contributions: transmutation of species, natural selection, evolution by common descent;

Studies: "The Origin of Species" catalogs his voyage on the Beagle

Erasmus Darwin

1731-1802

Field: biology;

Contributions: early theory of evolution, stressed importance of fitness in evolution

Studies: Zoonomia: "The Laws of Organic Life"

Genotype

the genetic make up of an organism

Phenotype

physical characteristic of an organism, determined by genotype and environment

Selection acts on _______________, but only the part controlled by the __________________ is heritable.

phenotype, genotype

What are the types of selection?

Artificial, accidental, natural in space, natural in time

Give an example of artificial selection

all domestic dogs are the result of selective breeding starting from wolves

Give an example of accidental selection

the use of antibiotics causing some pathogens to become resistant and turn into "superbugs"

Give an example of natural selection in space

elephants in different environments have different morphs, such as coastal elephants being taller and skinnier due to the heat and asian elephants being stockier and shorter

Give an example of natural selection in time

ancient reptiles resembling dolphins could have led to the more modern "torpedo" shaped dolphin

Why do salamanders around the Great Valley in California interbreed, but not seagulls around the northern hemisphere?

No real reason, it is an artifact of history of study

What is an example of disruptive selective speciation?

Darwin finches on Daphne Major Island

What is an example of ring species speciation?

Californian salamanders

How did the dinosaurs become dominant?

Competition and/or being at the right time due to the late Triassic mass extinction

Ornithischians

Archosaur

Late Triassic

bird-hipped dinosaurs

toothless predentary bone

teeth and jaws for herbivory

ossified tendons in the back and tail

small in size

long hind legs, short forelegs

Thyreophora

Ornithischian - Genasauria

shield bearers

lived early Jurassic to late Cretaceous

What are types of Thyreophorans?

Scutellosaurus [EJ to LK]

Stegosuarus [MJ to EK (LK in India)]

Ankylosuarus [MJ to LK]

Scutellosaurus and other primitive forms

EJ to LK

primitive ornithischian shape

small

body armor

simple bladed teeth

Stegosauria

MJ to EK (LK in India)

Primitive thyreophorian traits

Size- moderate to large

Body- massive hind quarters with shorter front legs, semi-sprawling

Skull- small low narrow, toothless anterior portion, beak, small brain

Tail- long ends in paired spikes, spine is flexible, large plates down spine

Plates- alternating alignment, embedded into skin, highly vascularized

Ankylosauria

MJ to LK

Two sub groups: ankylosauridae and nodosauridae

fused dermal bone

Size: medium to large

Quadrupedal

Herbivore

Head: small, low, broad

Teeth: leaf-shaped cheek teeth; anterior jaw is toothless, snout is horny beak

Body: low and wide, armored; front legs are 2/3 to 3/4 length of rear legs; hooved feet

Nodosauridae

Location: North America, Europe, Australia, Antarctica

Time: EK - LK

Body: armored plates with spines; shoulder spikes

Head: narrow, less armored

Tail: no club

Ankylosauridae

Location: North America, Europe, Eastern Asia

Time: EK - LK

Body: heavily armored, few spines

Head: wide, triangular skull, spines, heavily armored (eyelids as well), modified jaw

Tail: distal end modified into a club made up from 4 fused bones, distal tail ossified tendons

Preadaptation

a trait with one function in the ancestor that is borrowed (co-opted) and modified to fill a different function in the descendant

Eurypodya

anteriorly expanded ilia

fused bones around eye socket

Ankylosauria- broad, flaring ilia; considerable bone fusion and other armor

Stegosauria- tall neural arches; spines or plates along spine